Aligning what we know with what we do is one of the major challenges of contemporary water governance. Solving current water problems transcends the decision-making power and resources of any single actor and requires coordinated actions among a diversity of actors from different organizational levels and sectors. In these decision contexts of water issues and the networks of actors concerned with them, there are many ways of knowing (WoKs). In her scholarly work, Helen Ingram has often stated that effective problem solving in a democracy requires the integration of different ways of knowing. This implies enlarging and connecting existing WoKs in such a way that they reflect common collective goals and mutually acceptable solutions. But, she also recognizes that doing so is challenging, since problem definitions and solutions are often ambiguous and enmeshed in different networks of actors and institutional arrangements, where power differentials, conflicting interests, and different access to resources exist. She notes that all too often, this diversity in ways of knowing is arbitrated by appealing to a single perspective (where a technical one is preferred), resulting in solutions to water problems that do not fit the contexts in which they are implemented. Here, I have examined what it means to embrace ambiguity from the perspective of WoKs theory, paying particular attention to the relational aspects underlying the generation of knowledge for action, and proposed knowledge co-production processes that support collaboration and connection among multiple WoKs. I illustrate these ideas with examples of groundwater management from two case studies in Spain and Italy, in which I have been involved.

中文翻译：

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两者之间的空间：在水资源管理中的多种认识方式相遇的地方

将我们所知道的与我们所做的保持一致是当代水治理的主要挑战之一。解决当前的水问题超越了任何单一行为者的决策权和资源，需要来自不同组织级别和部门的多种行为者之间的协调行动。在这些水问题的决策背景以及与这些问题相关的参与者网络中，有多种了解方式（WoKs）。在她的学术著作中，海伦英格拉姆经常说，在民主国家有效地解决问题需要整合不同的认识方式。这意味着扩大和连接现有的 WoK，以反映共同的集体目标和相互可接受的解决方案。但是，她也认识到这样做具有挑战性，因为问题的定义和解决方案往往模棱两可，并且涉及不同的参与者网络和体制安排，其中存在权力差异、利益冲突和不同的资源获取方式。她指出，这种认识方式的多样性往往是通过诉诸单一观点（首选技术观点）来仲裁的，从而导致解决与实施环境不符的水问题。在这里，我从 WoKs 理论的角度研究了包含歧义的含义，特别关注了为行动产生知识的关系方面，并提出了支持多个 WoKs 之间协作和连接的知识联合生产过程。