During the French Revolution, several decrees were issued ordering the bells of suppressed churches to be melted and converted to money and cannons. Through examples drawn from literary and historical sources, this essay explains this fateful condemnation by showing how bells were part and parcel of pre-revolutionary anti-clerical writing. This essay also argues that the conflicting attitudes toward church bells do not just encapsulate a time period in French history in which the experience of religion underwent a significant change; they also represent differing attitudes toward the experience of time.

中文翻译：

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克洛什及其批评者：在革命前的法国压制教会的声音

在法国大革命期间，颁布了几项法令，命令将被压制的教堂的钟声熔化并转换为金钱和大炮。通过从文学和历史资料中提取的例子，本文通过展示钟声如何成为革命前反教权写作的重要组成部分来解释这种致命的谴责。本文还认为，对教堂钟声的矛盾态度不仅概括了法国历史上宗教体验发生重大变化的时期；它们也代表了对时间体验的不同态度。