A new group of politicians entered the stage after the introduction of universal suffrage: female politicians. Whereas the first women in Parliament received some attention, pioneers in regional bodies or local councils have mostly been overlooked.1 Who were these women who stood for election in their own town or village? Were these unmarried women, as one might expect due to the resistance towards married women entering politics? And how were these women perceived? These questions are central to this contribution about female pioneers in local politics in the Netherlands (1919-1923). The struggle for women’s suffrage had taken decades and the arguments used against the enfranchisement were many. Voting, for instance, was considered ‘unwomanly’. Women should not govern because they were believed to be unqualified, or of too high moral standard or too emotional. Furthermore, the Bible provided arguments. Resistance towards married women and mothers in politics was especially violent.2 This was perfectly expressed by a prominent Dutch Protestant politician, De Savornin Lohman. He argued in the House of Representatives on 18 October 1916 that women’s suffrage was a very difficult issue, especially for ‘the married woman’:

中文翻译：

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政治中的家庭主妇：选举权后荷兰的当地先驱

实行普选后，出现了一批新的政客：女政客。虽然议会中的第一批女性受到了一些关注，但地区机构或地方议会的先驱大多被忽视了。1 这些在自己的城镇或村庄参加选举的女性是谁？这些未婚女性是因为对已婚女性进入政界的抵制而可能预期的吗？这些女性是如何被看待的？这些问题是关于荷兰地方政治女性先驱（1919-1923）的贡献的核心。争取妇女选举权的斗争已经进行了几十年，反对选举权的论据很多。例如，投票被认为是“不女性的”。女性不应该执政，因为她们被认为是不合格的，或道德标准太高或太情绪化。此外，圣经提供了论据。政治中对已婚妇女和母亲的抵制尤其激烈。2 荷兰著名的新教政治家德萨沃宁·洛曼完美地表达了这一点。1916 年 10 月 18 日，他在众议院争辩说，妇女的选举权是一个非常困难的问题，尤其是对“已婚妇女”而言：