This article explores the escalation of tensions surrounding Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975, when a protracted war of national liberation escalated sharply into an international crisis. Rather than see Angola as merely a proxy war, the article depicts the varied responses to Angolan anti-colonial nationalism as consequences of “internationalization,” or the deliberate and endogenous process of framing the struggle for Angolan independence in global terms. By establishing Angolan independence as part of a worldwide battle against imperialism, racism, and Western hegemony in the early 1960s, and by raising the issue in international forums, creating transnational support networks, and operating across borders and oceans, the Angolan national liberation movements created the ideological and political preconditions for the military interventions and Cold War political theater of the 1970s. Angola thus demonstrated how national liberation movements, as transnational actors, learned to operate within the international system to gain necessary material and moral support but also provoked the ire of more powerful external actors who had their own political and ideological reasons for opposing a pro-Soviet regime in Angola.

中文翻译：

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独立、干预和国际主义：安哥拉和国际体系，1974-1975

本文探讨了围绕 1975 年安哥拉从葡萄牙独立后的紧张局势升级，当时一场旷日持久的民族解放战争急剧升级为国际危机。这篇文章并没有将安哥拉视为一场代理人战争，而是将安哥拉反殖民民族主义的不同反应描述为“国际化”的结果，或者是在全球范围内构建争取安哥拉独立斗争的深思熟虑的内生过程。通过在 1960 年代初期建立安哥拉独立作为反对帝国主义、种族主义和西方霸权的全球斗争的一部分，并在国际论坛上提出这个问题，建立跨国支持网络，并跨越国界和海洋，安哥拉民族解放运动为 1970 年代的军事干预和冷战政治舞台创造了意识形态和政治前提。因此，安哥拉展示了民族解放运动作为跨国行动者如何学会在国际体系内运作以获得必要的物质和道义支持，但也激起了更强大的外部行动者的愤怒，这些行动者有自己的政治和意识形态理由反对亲苏联安哥拉政权。