The role of social media in aiding terrorist attacks worldwide has been widely discussed among counterterrorism officials and academics. Since 2014, the idea of ‘crowdsourced terrorism’, whereby the Islamic State (IS) outsourced the conduct of attacks to their followers and attempted to attract them to Syria, has been popularly used by Western policymakers. This article critically examines the phenomenon of crowdsourcing and the IS’s online appeal in the case of Indonesia. The participant–curator crowdsourcing model outlined by Laurie Philips and Daren Brabham explains the online appeal of the IS, with social media facilitating the IS’s establishment of the relationship with Internet users in faraway countries such as Indonesia and allowing them to participate in the making of the IS brand. Participatory culture therefore encourages an e-supporter’s faith in the importance of their individual contribution and social connection that transcend offline realities in areas such as citizenship. IS opinion leaders work alongside online supporters to craft the meaning of martyrdom and imagination of citizenship through social media posts about life in the Caliphate. The land of Syria is imagined simultaneously as paradise for those who take their faith seriously as well as the venue for the Islamic equivalent of Armageddon. Hijrah (jihad by emigration) to Syria and martyrdom are represented as obligatory in the quest for equalization of power and freedom from slavery of those who are against the establishment of the Caliphate. Crowdsourced imaginations of the IS have had implications in several areas of policymaking. The article will discuss the implications of online imaginaries on IS’s approaches to militancy in its operations, Indonesian decision makers’ debate to revoke the citizenship of those who had travelled to IS and for the Indonesian military in its quest for expansion of their role in counterterror operations.

中文翻译：

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众包恐怖主义：重新构想的乌托邦、殉难和公民身份

社交媒体在协助全球恐怖袭击方面的作用已在反恐官员和学术界广泛讨论。自 2014 年以来，西方决策者普遍使用“众包恐怖主义”的想法，即伊斯兰国 (IS) 将攻击行为外包给其追随者并试图将他们吸引到叙利亚。本文以印度尼西亚为例，批判性地考察了众包现象和 IS 的在线吸引力。Laurie Philips 和 Daren Brabham 概述的参与者-策展人众包模型解释了 IS 的在线吸引力，社交媒体促进了 IS 与印度尼西亚等遥远国家的互联网用户建立关系，并允许他们参与制作是品牌。因此，参与式文化鼓励电子支持者相信他们的个人贡献和社会联系的重要性，这超越了公民身份等领域的离线现实。IS 意见领袖与在线支持者合作，通过有关哈里发国生活的社交媒体帖子来阐述殉难的意义和公民的想象力。叙利亚的土地同时被想象为那些认真对待自己信仰的人的天堂，也是伊斯兰世界末日的举办地。到叙利亚的希吉拉（通过移民进行的圣战）和殉难被认为是寻求权力平等和摆脱反对哈里发建立的人的奴役的义务。众包对 IS 的想象对政策制定的多个领域产生了影响。