A large proportion of our online activity takes place through a handful of platforms. With increased hostility towards the prevalence of vertical integration in tech markets and calls for the breaking up of profitable technology companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft, the time is ripe to devise antitrust rules that sensibly approach the relationship between platform operators and firms that compete within their ecosystems. This article analyzes situations where platform operators design their platforms in such a way that is liable to exclude intra-platform competitors. There are certain intricacies of exclusion in intra-platform markets that existing theories of harm in antitrust law do not anticipate; thus, applying those theories unyieldingly is liable to cause confusion and result in judicial error. Existing cases reveal that some authorities and courts have been taking a sensible approach to intra-platform exclusion since the early 2000s whereas others, especially in the E.U., have shown a tendency to protect excluded intra-platform firms at the expense of consumer welfare.

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软件市场中的平台内排斥

我们的大部分在线活动都是通过少数平台进行的。随着对技术市场垂直整合盛行的敌意增加，以及要求拆分亚马逊、苹果、谷歌和微软等盈利技术公司的呼声越来越高，制定反垄断规则以合理处理平台运营商与公司之间的关系的时机已经成熟在他们的生态系统中竞争。本文分析了平台运营商以可能排除平台内竞争对手的方式设计平台的情况。平台内市场存在某些错综复杂的排斥现象，这是反垄断法中现有的损害理论没有预料到的；因此，不屈不挠地运用这些理论，容易造成混淆，导致司法错误。