Presidents have constitutional powers and are incentivized to use performance information that is essential to economic leadership practices. However, presidents have not previously been studied in this context. The purpose of this paper is to examine how two sitting presidents use numerical performance information in their speeches. A speech is a formal talk given to a large number of individuals at a particular instance.,Empirical data were obtained from 85 presidential speeches given by the president of Estonia and 35 by the president of Lithuania. The speeches were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Inductive inference, descriptive statistics and statistical tests were used to propose new theoretical ideas for future research.,Studied presidents used extensively numerical performance information, primarily outcome information. Also, the presidents used performance information differently, even though both presidents operated in a similar political context and had similar individual characteristics. The differences were in part explained by speech length but not speech context. Older age, doctoral degree, and longer administrative and political career were associated with lower use.,The study provides preliminary results on how presidents use performance information and what type of performance information is most useful in presidential speeches that address the nation and conduct economic leadership.,New analytical models are presented that can be used to study the intensity of performance information use in rhetoric. Conceptual definitions of the various levels of intensity in performance information use are also introduced. In general, presidential performance information use adds a new dimension to existing research.

中文翻译：

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总统修辞中的数值表现信息

总统具有宪法权力，并被激励使用对经济领导实践至关重要的绩效信息。但是，总统在此之前尚未进行过研究。本文的目的是研究两位现任总统如何在演讲中使用数字绩效信息。演讲是在特定情况下针对大量个人的正式演讲。经验数据来自爱沙尼亚总统的85项总统演讲和立陶宛总统的35项总统演讲。使用定性和定量内容分析法对演讲进行了分析。归纳推理，描述性统计和统计检验被用来为未来的研究提出新的理论构想。受研究的总统广泛使用了数字绩效信息，主要是结果信息。而且，即使两位总统在相似的政治背景下运作且具有相似的个人特征，两位总统对绩效信息的使用方式也有所不同。差异部分是由语音长度而不是语音上下文解释的。年纪大，博士学位，较长的行政和政治生涯与使用率降低有关。该研究提供了有关总统如何使用绩效信息以及哪种类型的绩效信息在针对国家和进行经济领导的总统演说中最有用的初步结果。提出了新的分析模型，可用于研究修辞学中性能信息使用的强度。还介绍了绩效信息使用中各种强度级别的概念定义。一般来说，