We discuss the case against Factorism, which is the standard assumption in quantum mechanics that the labels of the \(\otimes\)-factor Hilbert-spaces in direct-product Hilbert-spaces of composite physical systems of similar particles refer to particles, either directly or descriptively. We distinguish different versions of Factorism and argue for their truth or falsehood. In particular, by introducing the concepts of snapshot Hilbert-space and Schrödinger-movie, we demonstrate that there are Hilbert-spaces and \(\otimes\)-factorisations where the labels do refer, even descriptively, to similar particles, which renders them probabilistically absolutely discernible.

我们讨论反对因子主义的案例，这是量子力学中的标准假设，即相似粒子的复合物理系统的直积希尔伯特空间中的\(\otimes\) -因子希尔伯特空间的标签指的是粒子，要么直接或描述性的。我们区分不同版本的因素主义，并为它们的真假争论。特别是，通过引入快照 Hilbert-space和Schrödinger-movie的概念，我们证明了存在 Hilbert-spaces 和\(\otimes\) -因式分解，其中标签确实指代，甚至是描述性的，类似于粒子，这使得它们在概率上是绝对可辨别的。