This article examines the indirect impacts of hate crimes on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Muslim communities in the United Kingdom. Based on 34 qualitative interviews, we explore both the perceived meaning of ‘community’ in the context of targeted victimization and the emotional and behavioural effects that anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Islamophobic hate crimes have on other members of the victim’s group. Building on previous quantitative data undertaken as part of a larger programme of research, this study helps to explain how and why hate crimes have significant indirect consequences on two distinct but commonly targeted communities. The focus on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Muslim communities allowed us to draw out similarities and commonalities across different groups, further enhancing the understanding of the impacts of hate crime. In particular, the article highlights how for many lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Muslim people feelings of anger and anxiety about hate crimes were linked to enhanced levels of empathy towards those that they share a group identity with. These empathic bonds often gave rise to a sense of ‘shared suffering’, with participants frequently feeling connected to group members worldwide through their common experiences of hate and prejudice. Although group identity was important to many participants’ sense of belonging to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender or Muslim communities, it was clear that the most profound impacts of hate crime were experienced when incidents occurred within someone’s local area. This highlighted the importance of location as a key variable in understanding both the meaning of ‘community’ and the indirect impacts of hate crime.

中文翻译：

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群体认同、同理心和共同痛苦：了解反 LGBT 和仇视伊斯兰仇恨犯罪的“社区”影响

本文研究了仇恨犯罪对英国女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者以及穆斯林社区的间接影响。基于 34 次定性访谈，我们探讨了在有针对性的受害背景下“社区”的感知含义以及反女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和跨性别者以及仇视伊斯兰教的仇恨犯罪对受害者群体其他成员的情感和行为影响. 本研究基于之前作为更大研究计划的一部分进行的定量数据，有助于解释仇恨犯罪如何以及为什么会对两个不同但共同目标的社区产生重大的间接影响。对女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和跨性别者以及穆斯林社区的关注使我们能够找出不同群体之间的相似之处和共同点，进一步加深对仇恨犯罪影响的了解。这篇文章特别强调了许多女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者以及穆斯林人对仇恨犯罪的愤怒和焦虑感如何与他们对共同群体认同的人的同理心增强有关。这些共情纽带通常会产生一种“共同受苦”的感觉，参与者经常通过仇恨和偏见的共同经历感到与世界各地的团体成员有联系。尽管群体认同对许多参与者对女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者或穆斯林社区的归属感很重要，但很明显，当事件发生在某人的当地时，仇恨犯罪的最深远影响是经历过的。