The prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use at different levels of professional sport has become an important social issue, particularly when considering recent high-profile incidents from professional sports and the Olympics. Due to the myriad of individual, team, and sociopolitical consequences that can stem from PED use, it becomes critical to study the etiology of PED involvement among athletes regarding this deviant behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime is one such theory that may aid in explaining this phenomenon. As such, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between effective parenting, self-control, and athletes’ use of banned PEDs. Survey data from 784 professional athletes in Iran were collected, and the findings indicated that ineffective parenting, low self-control capacity, and self-control desire had significant effects on PED use. In addition, moderation effects and gender analyses were examined. Specific findings, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed.

中文翻译：

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检查无效养育和低自控对运动员 PED 使用的影响

在不同级别的职业运动中使用增强性能药物 (PED) 的流行已成为一个重要的社会问题，尤其是考虑到最近职业运动和奥运会的高调事件时。由于 PED 的使用可能导致无数个人、团队和社会政治后果，因此研究运动员参与 PED 的有关这种越轨行为的病因变得至关重要。Gottfredson 和 Hirschi 的一般犯罪理论就是这样一种可能有助于解释这一现象的理论。因此，本研究的主要目的是调查有效养育子女、自我控制和运动员使用违禁 PED 之间的关系。收集了来自伊朗 784 名职业运动员的调查数据，调查结果表明育儿无效，自我控制能力低，自我控制欲望对PED使用有显着影响。此外，还检查了调节效果和性别分析。讨论了具体的发现、政策影响和研究局限性。