Natural resources can create state-based and other conflicts through several causal mechanisms. Debate, however, has remained silent on forms of conflict, especially why violent or peaceful collective action occurs. Combining the literatures on nonviolent- and armed conflict with work on the resource–conflict link, we developed a number of hypotheses on how resources affect the conditions under which collective actors such as ethnic groups remain dormant, voice grievances peacefully or engage in violent rebellion. A grid-cell analysis of ethnic groups in Africa largely confirmed our expectation on the effect of resources. Resource deposits increased the risk that violent conflict would occur; the effect was reversed and ethnic groups become dormant when groups living in resource regions were politically included. We also found some evidence that lootable resources fuel violent but not peaceful conflict. However, the non-resource context best explained the difference between violent and nonviolent conflict. Democracy, political exclusion and geography such as distance from capital and transborder ethnic kin were key in explaining why violent and not peaceful protest emerged. Future research should dig deeper into mechanisms of how resources affect forms of conflict and should further study non-resource conditions that can have functionally equivalent effects.

中文翻译：

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睡觉、吠叫或咬人：自然资源对和平冲突还是暴力冲突有影响吗？

自然资源可以通过多种因果机制造成基于国家的冲突和其他冲突。然而，关于冲突形式的争论一直保持沉默，尤其是为什么会发生暴力或和平的集体行动。将关于非暴力和武装冲突的文献与关于资源-冲突联系的工作相结合，我们提出了一些关于资源如何影响集体行为者（如族群）处于休眠状态、和平表达不满或参与暴力叛乱的条件的假设。对非洲种族群体的网格单元分析在很大程度上证实了我们对资源影响的预期。资源沉积增加了发生暴力冲突的风险；当生活在资源地区的群体被政治包括在内时，这种影响就会逆转，种族群体就会陷入休眠状态。我们还发现了一些证据表明，可掠夺的资源会引发暴力而非和平的冲突。然而，非资源背景最好地解释了暴力冲突和非暴力冲突之间的区别。民主、政治排斥和地理位置（例如与首都的距离和跨界族裔亲属）是解释为什么会出现暴力而非和平抗议的关键。未来的研究应更深入地研究资源如何影响冲突形式的机制，并应进一步研究具有功能等效效果的非资源条件。政治排斥和地理因素，例如与首都的距离和跨界族裔亲属，是解释为什么会出现暴力而非和平抗议的关键。未来的研究应更深入地研究资源如何影响冲突形式的机制，并应进一步研究具有功能等效效果的非资源条件。政治排斥和地理因素，例如与首都的距离和跨界族裔亲属，是解释为什么会出现暴力而非和平抗议的关键。未来的研究应更深入地研究资源如何影响冲突形式的机制，并应进一步研究具有功能等效效果的非资源条件。