This article examines the medieval (Islamic) cities in India from an environmental and technological perspective. The main objectives of this article are (a) to identify and evaluate characteristic features of the cities that were closely linked with the natural environment, (b) to examine the environmental conservation measures, sustainable practices and eco-friendly technologies adopted in these cities, (c) to assess the environmental impact of these cities and (d) to explore those eco-friendly measures and technologies that are relevant even at present. This is a first of its kind review of the Islamic cities in India that flourished from the thirteenth to eighteenth century. Some of the important findings are the following: (a) water had a dominant role in the establishment of these cities, (b) gardens, canals, water-harvesting structures and sanitation were important characteristics of these cities that were profoundly integrated with the natural environment, (c) despite numerous environmental conservation measures adopted, several of these cities declined or were abandoned ironically due to environmental factors and (4) in response to natural environment, some exemplary eco-friendly technologies were introduced, particularly the karez technology for water-supply, which is worth considering to make contemporary Indian cities ecologically sustainable.

中文翻译：

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印度的中世纪（伊斯兰）城市（1206-1764）：环境评论及其当代相关性

本文从环境和技术的角度考察了印度的中世纪（伊斯兰）城市。本文的主要目的是 (a) 识别和评估与自然环境密切相关的城市的特征，(b) 检查这些城市采用的环境保护措施、可持续实践和生态友好技术， (c) 评估这些城市对环境的影响，以及 (d) 探索即使在目前也相关的环保措施和技术。这是对印度从 13 世纪到 18 世纪蓬勃发展的伊斯兰城市的首次此类评论。一些重要的发现如下：(a) 水在这些城市的建立中起主导作用，(b) 花园、运河、