The present article basically seeks to look into the emergence and spread of exchange centres, popularly known as maṇḍapikās and haṭṭas, in western India during the early medieval period (c. 600–1300 ce). Large-scale land grants, introduction of better means of irrigational facilities such as araghaṭṭa and vāpī acted as catalyst for the growth of agrarian economy, leading to the availability of marketable surplus. All this altogether led to dynamic upsurge in trading activities, ultimately providing a favourable ground for the rise of exchange centres in different parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Political initiative by the rulers, rise of temple economy, organisation of fairs and festivals and the spatial context of an exchange centre were enabling factors. Merchants and merchant groups also in their capacity played a crucial role in the growth of exchange centres during this period.

中文翻译：

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中世纪早期西印度交流中心的出现和传播

本文主要旨在探讨中世纪早期（约公元 600-1300 年）印度西部交换中心（俗称 maṇḍapikās 和 haṭṭas）的出现和传播。大规模的土地赠与，引入更好的灌溉设施，如 araghaṭṭa 和 vāpī 是农业经济增长的催化剂，导致了可销售的盈余。所有这些共同导致了交易活动的蓬勃发展，最终为拉贾斯坦邦和古吉拉特邦不同地区的交易中心的兴起提供了有利的基础。统治者的政治主动性、寺庙经济的兴起、集会和节日的组织以及交流中心的空间背景都是促成因素。