Pictorial brick tiles and stone carvings from the Eastern Han period show women engaged in the production of alcohol, and early histories and literary sources provide an insight into women's role in brewing, drinking, and selling alcohol in shops and in the market. Preparation of alcohol for ritual ceremonies, banquets, and daily consumption is listed among the many household duties for which women were responsible. It was women's work (nüshi 女事), as was the production of textiles, which assigned women with an economic role but also gave them a moral identity in the social sphere. However, women's mastery of brewing—mentioned but rarely elaborated—upon, did not connote feminine virtues in the same way as weaving. Through a close examination of artistic representations that show women engaged in the making of alcohol on the estate and in a workshop setting in the southwest (present-day Sichuan province), this article aims to examine the role women played in alcohol production and their contribution to the economy of both their household and the region in early Imperial China.

中文翻译：

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四川墓葬艺术中女性在汉代酒产销中的作用

东汉时期的砖瓦和石刻描绘了从事酒类生产的女性，早期的历史和文学资料提供了对女性在商店和市场酿造、饮酒和销售酒类中的作用的洞察。为仪式、宴会和日常消费准备酒精被列为妇女负责的许多家务。这是女性的工作（女食女事），就像纺织品的生产一样，它赋予女性经济角色，但也赋予她们在社会领域的道德认同。然而，女性对酿造的掌握——被提及但很少详细阐述——并没有像编织一样暗示女性美德。通过对展示女性在西南（今四川省）庄园和作坊环境中从事酿酒的艺术表现形式的仔细研究，本文旨在考察女性在酿酒过程中所扮演的角色及其贡献在中华帝国早期，对他们的家庭和地区的经济都有影响。