This paper investigates the psychological mechanisms that underpin Qumran sectarian dualism and its construction of in-group/out-group boundaries. Specifically, evidence from experimental and developmental psychology and cognitive anthropology is used to argue that Serek ha-Yaḥad and the Two Spirits Treatise (1QS 3:13–4:26) reflect a deeply-engrained psychological essentialism wherein non-group members are conceptualized as having inherently different biological essences. This essentialist tendency is easily extended to the social domain in what scholars call the “naturalization” of social groups. After reviewing this literature, the paper examines the Serek and Treatise’s use of kinship terms, the word “spirit,” and language denoting human nature and living species, in order to demonstrate that essentialist intuitions about outsiders provide a foundation for the sect’s dualistic worldview. Importantly, the essentialist thinking in these texts is also firmly grounded in and channeled through the intertextual interpretation of scripture, drawing heavily on the rich creation vocabulary in Genesis 1–3.

中文翻译：

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Serek ha-Yaḥad 中的心理本质主义和两种精神论文

本文研究了支撑库姆兰宗派二元论的心理机制及其内群体/外群体边界的构建。具体而言，实验和发展心理学以及认知人类学的证据被用来论证 Serek ha-Yaḥad 和两种精神论文（1QS 3：13-4：26）反映了一种根深蒂固的心理本质主义，其中非群体成员被概念化为具有天生不同的生物本质。这种本质主义倾向很容易扩展到社会领域，即学者所说的社会群体的“自然化”。在回顾了这些文献后，该论文检查了 Serek 和 Treatise 对亲属关系术语、“精神”一词以及表示人性和生物物种的语言的使用，为了证明关于外来者的本质主义直觉为该教派的二元世界观提供了基础。重要的是，这些文本中的本质主义思想也牢牢地植根于圣经的互文解释并通过这些解释进行引导，大量借鉴了创世记 1-3 章中丰富的创造词汇。