In 2012–13, we signed up for Facebook in seven Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and used Facebook advertisements to encourage young people to participate in our survey. Nearly 18,000 individuals responded. Some of the questions in our survey dealing with attitudes about women’s work and cosmetics were adopted from a survey conducted by the Frankfurt School in 1929 in Germany. The German survey had shown that a great number of men, irrespective of their political affiliation harbored highly authoritarian attitudes toward women and that one sign of authoritarianism was men’s attitude toward cosmetics and women’s employment. We wanted to know if the same was true of the contemporary MENA. Our results suggest that lipstick and makeups as well as women’s employment are not just vehicles for sexual objectification of women. In much of MENA world a married woman’s desire to work outside the house, and her pursuit of the accoutrement of beauty and sexual attractiveness, are forms of gender politics, of women’s empowerment, but also of antiauthoritarianism and liberal politics. Our results also suggest that piety among Muslims per se is not an indicator of authoritarianism and that there is a marked gender difference in authoritarianism. Women, it seems, are living a different Islam than men.

中文翻译：

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从魏玛共和国到当代中东的批判理论、威权主义和口红政治

在2012 - 13年度，我们在七个中东和北非（MENA）国家注册了Facebook和Facebook的使用广告鼓励年轻人参与我们的调查。近18000人回应。一些在我们的调查处理有关妇女的工作和化妆品的态度问题，从法兰克福学派在1929年在德国进行的一项调查采用。德国的调查表明，大量男性，无论其政治派别如何，都对女性抱有高度专制的态度，而专制主义的标志之一是男性对化妆品和女性就业的态度。我们想知道，如果同是当代中东和北非地区也是如此。我们的研究结果表明，口红妆以及妇女就业不适合妇女的性客观公正的车辆。在已婚女人的欲望很多中东和北非地区的世界工作屋外，她追求美和性吸引力的的装扮，都是性别政治的形式，赋予妇女权力，也antiauthoritarianism和自由政治的。我们的研究结果还表明穆斯林本身之间是虔诚不是专制的一个指标，并且有在专制明显的性别差异。女性，似乎是比男人生活在不同的伊斯兰教。我们的研究结果还表明穆斯林本身之间是虔诚不是专制的一个指标，并且有在专制明显的性别差异。女性，似乎是比男人生活在不同的伊斯兰教。我们的研究结果还表明穆斯林本身之间是虔诚不是专制的一个指标，并且有在专制明显的性别差异。女性，似乎是比男人生活在不同的伊斯兰教。