There are sometimes good reasons to define a criminal offense in a way that is over-inclusive, in the sense that the definition will encompass conduct that is not otherwise wrongful. But are these reasons ever sufficient? When, if ever, can such laws justifiably be made and enforced? When, if ever, can they permissibly be violated? In The Realm of Criminal Law , Antony Duff tackles this challenge head on. We find Duff’s strategy promising in many ways as an effort to reconcile over-inclusive offenses with the wrongness constraint on criminalization. Nonetheless, we aim to move the discussion forward by raising questions about Duff’s solution and highlighting some limitations and costs. We begin in Part 2 by sketching the contours of Duff’s position; then in Part 3 we propose one refinement and offer two practical observations; and finally, in Part 4 we raise broader concerns. In particular, we question whether the problem of over-inclusive offenses is one that can or ought to be solved, or whether it is better conceived as a difficulty to be managed and mitigated. Of course, we should avoid undue harshness in the law where we can, and Duff’s approach is guided by this worthy ambition. But there may also be a limit to this. To the extent that the harshness cannot be avoided, perhaps this should be acknowledged and faced up to, rather than obscured or finessed.

中文翻译：

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过度包容性犯罪的问题：仔细研究达夫的法律道德主义和《禁酒令》

有时，出于充分的考虑，有充分的理由对刑事犯罪进行定义，从某种意义上说，该定义将涵盖本来不会构成不法行为的行为。但是这些理由是否足够？何时有可能合理地制定和执行此类法律？什么时候（如果有的话）可以允许他们受到侵犯？在《刑法领域》中，安东尼·达夫（Antony Duff）直面了这一挑战。我们发现达夫（Duff）的策略在许多方面都有希望，因为它旨在调和过度包容的犯罪和对刑事定罪的错误约束。尽管如此，我们的目标是通过提出有关Duff解决方案的问题并强调一些限制和成本来推动讨论的进行。我们从第2部分开始，绘制Duff位置的轮廓。然后在第3部分中，我们提出了一项改进并提供了两个实际观察结果；最后，在第4部分中，我们提出了更广泛的关注。特别是，我们质疑过度包容性犯罪的问题是否是可以解决或应该解决的问题，还是更好地将其设想为难以管理和缓解的问题。当然，我们应该在可能的地方避免过分苛刻的法律，而达夫（Duff）的方法就是以这种雄心勃勃的野心为指导的。但是这可能也有局限性。在一定程度上避免了刺耳的声音，也许应该承认并正视这些声音，而不是模糊不清或罚款。而达夫（Duff）的方法就是以此雄心勃勃的雄心为指导的。但是这可能也有局限性。在一定程度上避免了刺耳的声音，也许应该承认并正视这些声音，而不是模糊不清或罚款。而达夫（Duff）的方法就是以此雄心勃勃的雄心为指导的。但是这可能也有局限性。在一定程度上避免了刺耳的声音，也许应该承认并正视这些声音，而不是模糊不清或罚款。