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The U.S. Constitution’s Emoluments Clauses: How History, Behavioral Psychology, and the Framers’ Understanding of Corruption All Require an End to President Trump’s Conflicts of Interest
British Journal of American Legal Studies Pub Date : 2018-12-31 , DOI: 10.2478/bjals-2018-0010
Don Mayer 1 , Adam Sulkowski 2
Affiliation  

Abstract The two Emoluments Clauses in the U.S. Constitution forbid federal officials from accepting “any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatsoever” from foreign or domestic governments. President Donald Trump’s business interests generate numerous opportunities to use public office for his personal benefit. This article examines the history of the Emoluments Clauses and the Framers’ conception of corruption. The conflicts of interest alleged in pending emoluments lawsuits against President Trump would not be allowable in the private sector, and various plaintiffs argue that the Emoluments Clauses apply to all public officials, including the President. The President’s lawyers have claimed he is exempt from the application of these clauses and have raised numerous procedural objections, such as challenging who might have” standing” to bring a lawsuit to compel his compliance with the clauses. Out of three cases filed in 2017, one has been dismissed, while two judges have recognized that the plaintiffs have standing. In each lawsuit, the President’s lawyers insist on a conception of corruption that is quid pro quo, where only bargained for exchanges count as corruption. While the Emoluments Clauses require public officials to get Congressional permission before receiving such benefits, the President’s position is that Congress must first demand an accounting of any personal benefits, rather than the burden being on the President to ask permission. Thus far, two courts have rejected that approach, and as of this writing, further appeals can be expected.

中文翻译:

美国宪法的解雇条款:历史,行为心理学和策划者对腐败的理解如何都需要终结特朗普总统的利益冲突

摘要《美国宪法》中的两项“酬金条款”禁止联邦官员接受外国或本国政府的“任何礼物,酬金,职务或头衔,无论任何种类”。唐纳德·特朗普总统的商业利益为他的个人利益提供了许多利用公职的机会。本文考察了薪酬条款的历史和制宪者的腐败观念。在针对特朗普总统的薪酬诉讼中涉嫌的利益冲突在私营部门是不允许的,而且各种原告都认为《解雇条款》适用于包括总统在内的所有公职人员。总统的律师声称他不受这些条款的约束,并提出了许多程序上的异议,例如挑战可能具有“地位”的人提起诉讼,以迫使他遵守这些条款。在2017年提起的三起案件中,一宗已被驳回,而两名法官已承认原告人有地位。在每宗诉讼中,总统的律师都坚持一种腐败的观念,这种观念是不变的,在这种观念中,只有为交流而讨价还价才算是腐败。虽然《解雇条款》要求公职人员在获得此类福利之前必须获得国会许可,但总统的立场是国会必须首先要求对任何个人利益进行核算,而不是由总统要求获得许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。在2017年提起的三起案件中,一宗已被驳回,而两名法官已承认原告人有地位。在每宗诉讼中,总统的律师都坚持一种腐败的观念,这种观念是不变的,在这种观念中,只有为交流而讨价还价才算是腐败。虽然《解雇条款》要求公职人员在获得此类福利之前必须获得国会许可,但总统的立场是国会必须首先要求对任何个人利益进行核算,而不是由总统要求获得许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。在2017年提起的三起案件中,一宗已被驳回,而两名法官已确认原告已立案。在每宗诉讼中,总统的律师都坚持一种腐败的观念,这种观念是不变的,在这种观念中,只有为交流而讨价还价才算是腐败。虽然《解雇条款》要求公职人员在获得此类福利之前必须获得国会许可,但总统的立场是国会必须首先要求对任何个人利益进行核算,而不是由总统要求获得许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。总统的律师坚持认为腐败是一种普遍存在的观念,在这种观念中,只有为交流而讨价还价才算是腐败。虽然《解雇条款》要求公职人员在获得此类福利之前必须获得国会许可,但总统的立场是国会必须首先要求对任何个人利益进行核算,而不是由总统要求获得许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。总统的律师坚持认为腐败是一种普遍存在的观念,在这种观念中,只有为交流而讨价还价才算是腐败。虽然《解雇条款》要求公职人员在获得此类福利之前必须获得国会许可,但总统的立场是国会必须首先要求对任何个人利益进行核算,而不是由总统要求获得许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。而不是总统要求许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。而不是总统要求许可的负担。迄今为止,已有两个法院拒绝了这种做法,并且在撰写本文时,可以期待进一步的上诉。
更新日期:2018-12-31
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