This article extends the debate on the shift in water security governance in the Nile Basin countries. Water as an object of analysis was previously embedded in a depoliticized governance framework now faces politicization in the context of food, energy and climate change. In considering land-water-security nexus, population and climate variations drive Middle East and North Africa (MENA) policies for the return of the state primacy in water governance. As Egypt and Sudan maintain their dynamics of hegemony in Nile Basin countries, Gulf States however are deploying proxy water diplomacy through investment in agricultural farmlands in Nile Basin countries. Increasing number of actors alter water access and security across formal and informal domains. The Nile Basin Cooperative Agreement (CFA) remains contested between upstream and downstream riparian states as being uncoordinated water management and development policies. Incorporating market and local users beyond the state gets politicized in securing water security. In view of this, this article hence suggests that power relations are not static, but subject to the changing circumstances. Egypt’s water security would be more sustainable when it engages CFA countries in a joint coordination and development projects.

中文翻译：

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土地水安全联系：尼罗河流域合作框架协议中不断变化的地缘政治

本文扩展了有关尼罗河流域国家水安全治理转变的辩论。作为分析对象的水以前曾嵌入非政治化治理框架中，现在在粮食，能源和气候变化的背景下面临政治化。在考虑土地水安全关系时，人口和气候变化驱动中东和北非（MENA）政策恢复在水治理中的国家主导地位。由于埃及和苏丹在尼罗河流域国家保持霸权地位，因此海湾国家正在通过投资尼罗河流域国家的农业耕地来部署代理水外交。越来越多的行为者改变了正式和非正式领域的用水和安全。尼罗河流域合作协定（CFA）仍然是上游和下游河岸国家之间争执不休的水管理和发展政策。将州以外的市场和本地用户纳入进来在确保水安全方面政治化。有鉴于此，本文认为，权力关系不是一成不变的，而是会随着情况的变化而变化。埃及与非洲共同体国家合作开展联合协调和发展项目，其水安全将更具可持续性。