Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar are the main investors in farm animal production outside their territory, prompting a mass-adoption of concentrated animal feeding operations in investment-importing states like Iran and Pakistan. Global actors like the International Finance Corporation and the Food and Agriculture Organization espouse the Middle Eastern states’ investment strategy by generously supporting it with direct payments and feed. Because intensified animal agricultural production systems are known to cause environmental pollution, threaten public health and food security, and pose a moral hazard for animals, this article makes use of existing cross-border relationships to the Middle East to counter the growing agricultural trend towards intensification. Specifically, the article examines whether and how international investment standards, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, and bilateral free trade agreements can be used to encourage responsible investment and trade flows that factor in the interests of animals.

中文翻译：

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通过投资，出口信贷和贸易标准应对中东的集中式动物农业

沙特阿拉伯，阿拉伯联合酋长国和卡塔尔是其境外农场动物生产的主要投资者，这促使伊朗和巴基斯坦等投资进口国大规模采用集中式动物饲养业务。国际金融公司（International Finance Corporation）和粮食及农业组织（Food and Agriculture Organization）等全球行为体通过直接支付和补贴来慷慨地支持中东国家的投资策略。由于众所周知的集约化农业生产系统会造成环境污染，威胁到公共卫生和粮食安全，并对动物构成道德风险，因此，本文利用与中东的现有跨境关系来应对集约化农业的增长趋势。具体来说，