In the last decade, manifestations of grassroots urbanism have transformed São Paulo into a playfield for creative interventions. Initiatives focus on art, culture, and education; greenery and open spaces; public equipment; water and environmental resources; and gender, race, and class justice. I argue that these initiatives are more than the sum of their parts; they influence social imaginaries, expectations, and urban policies beyond the scope of each case. My research tries to understand crucial differences among initiatives—while some open up spaces for the emancipation of disenfranchised groups, others inadvertently engage in processes of gentrification and exclusion despite claims to representing a diverse public. These differences in goals and outcomes can be understood in terms of the opposition between tactical and insurgent urbanism. As such, the study of these differences is meaningful not only for understanding the case of São Paulo, but also for expanding theoretical debates on grassroots urbanism at a global scale.

中文翻译：

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当代圣保罗的草根都市主义

在过去十年中，草根城市主义的表现已经将圣保罗变成了创造性干预的游乐场。倡议侧重于艺术、文化和教育；绿化和开放空间；公共设备；水和环境资源；以及性别、种族和阶级正义。我认为这些举措不仅仅是它们各部分的总和；它们影响超出每个案例范围的社会想象、期望和城市政策。我的研究试图了解倡议之​​间的关键差异——有些为被剥夺权利的群体的解放开辟了空间，而另一些则不经意间参与了绅士化和排斥的过程，尽管声称代表了多元化的公众。这些目标和结果的差异可以从战术城市主义和叛乱城市主义之间的对立来理解。