The process of European integration resulted in a marked increase in transnational economic flows, yet regional inequalities along many developmental indicators remain. We analyze the unevenness of European economies with respect to the embedding of export sectors in upstream domestic flows and their dependency on dominant export partners. We use the WIOD dataset of sectoral flows for the period of 1995–2011 for 24 European countries. We found that East European economies were significantly more likely to experience increasing unevenness and dependency with increasing openness, while core countries of Europe managed to decrease their unevenness but increased their openness. Nevertheless, by analyzing the trajectories of changes for each country, we see that East European countries are also experiencing a turning point, either switching to a path similar to the core or to a retrograde path with decreasing openness. We analyze our data using pooled time series models and case studies of country trajectories.

中文翻译：

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非嵌入式开放：部门层面欧洲经济一体化的不平等

欧洲一体化进程导致跨国经济流动显着增加，但许多发展指标上的区域不平等仍然存在。我们分析了欧洲经济体在出口部门嵌入上游国内流动及其对主要出口伙伴的依赖方面的不平衡性。我们使用 24 个欧洲国家 1995-2011 年期间部门流量的 WIOD 数据集。我们发现，随着开放程度的提高，东欧经济体的不平衡性和依赖性显着增加，而欧洲的核心国家则设法减少了不平衡性，但增加了开放度。尽管如此，通过分析每个国家的变化轨迹，我们看到东欧国家也正在经历一个转折点，要么切换到类似于核心的路径，要么切换到开放性降低的逆行路径。我们使用汇总时间序列模型和国家轨迹案例研究来分析我们的数据。