Previous research suggested that gender typicality and pressure to conform to gender norms were unrelated; however, this may have been due to how gender typicality was assessed (i.e., by only comparing the self to one’s own gender collective). In the present study, we used a dual identity approach (comparing oneself to both gender collectives: to own-gender and other-gender individuals) to create typologies of gender typicality to examine how similarity to own and other gender collectives might differentially associate with pressure to conform to gender norms. The potentially unique influence of pressure sources (parents, peers, or the self) was also analyzed. Participants were 378 U.S. 6th grade students (48% female; M age = 11.44 years, range = 10–13). Results indicated that male early adolescents felt more pressure than did female early adolescents and that those who felt more similar to own-gender (and less similar to other-gender) felt significantly higher levels of pressure and that the highest source of pressure was the self rather than peers or parents. We discuss how the present research provides insights into who experiences the highest levels of felt pressure to conform to gender norms and suggests that self-socialization plays a strong role in gender development for many early adolescents.

中文翻译：

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调查性别典型与遵守性别规范的压力之间的关系

先前的研究表明，性别典型性与遵守性别规范的压力无关；然而，这可能是由于如何评估性别典型性（即，仅将自我与自己的性别集体进行比较）。在本研究中，我们使用双重身份方法（将自己与两个性别集体进行比较：与自己的性别和其他性别的个体相比）来创建性别典型类型，以检查与自己和其他性别集体的相似性如何与压力差异相关以符合性别规范。还分析了压力源（父母、同龄人或自我）的潜在独特影响。参与者是 378 名美国六年级学生（48% 是女性；M 年龄 = 11.44 岁，范围 = 10-13）。结果表明，男性早期青少年比女性早期青少年感受到更大的压力，那些感觉与自己性别更相似（与其他性别更不相似）的人感受到的压力水平显着更高，而最大的压力来源是自我而不是同龄人或父母。我们讨论了目前的研究如何深入了解哪些人在遵守性别规范方面承受的压力最大，并表明自我社会化在许多早期青少年的性别发展中发挥着重要作用。