Under conditions of suboptimal parental care, children with specific temperamental features have been shown to be especially vulnerable to the effects of stress. Most studies of temperamentally vulnerable children have been conducted using parental questionnaires, which are unfortunately not completely objective. An alternative approach, the use of objective methods for assessing temperament in childhood, can and should be used to study the impact of poor parenting quality on children's stress levels, an important factor in child development. Although studies using such objective methods exist, they are quite rare. A PubMed search identified twelve articles reviewed here. Existing data indicate that, in general, higher basal cortisol and cortisol stress response are associated with "reactive" temperament: shyness, fearfulness, behavioral inhibition, and negative affectivity. Furthermore, child temperament interacts with the quality of parental care to predict cortisol levels in early childhood. Accordingly, in the context of inadequate parental care, temperamentally vulnerable children with "reactive" temperaments are particularly at risk for negative effects of stress. Studies of stress-by-parental-care-interactions are essential for preventing long-term mental problems and problems with physical health that could occur in temperamentally vulnerable children who receive suboptimal parental care.

中文翻译：

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气质弱势儿童气质的客观评估：在其压力水平研究中的作用

在父母的照顾不足的情况下，具有特定性情特征的儿童特别容易受到压力的影响。气质脆弱儿童的大多数研究都是使用父母问卷进行的，但遗憾的是这并非完全客观。可以并且应该使用一种替代方法，即使用客观方法评估儿童的气质，来研究父母育儿质量低下对儿童压力水平（儿童发育的重要因素）的影响。尽管存在使用这种客观方法的研究，但它们很少见。一项PubMed搜索确定了此处评论的十二篇文章。现有数据表明，一般而言，较高的基础皮质醇和皮质醇应激反应与“反应性”气质有关：害羞，恐惧，行为抑制和负面情感。此外，孩子的气质与父母的护理质量相互影响，以预测儿童早期的皮质醇水平。因此，在父母照顾不足的情况下，具有“反应性”气质的易受气质影响的儿童特别容易受到压力的负面影响。通过父母照料互动的压力进行研究对于预防长期精神问题和身体健康问题至关重要，这些问题可能在接受最佳父母照料的气质脆弱儿童中发生。