Purpose

This study aims to acknowledge that most Indonesian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience slow growth. It highlighted that this sluggishness is because of some falsification of Indonesia’s ecological psychology. It focuses on investigating the situated cognition that probably supports this falsification, such as affordance, a community of practice, embodiment and the legitimacy of peripheral participation situated cognition and social intelligence theories.

Design/methodology/approach

This study obtained data from published newspapers between October 2016 and February 2019. The authors used the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis and the J48 C.45 algorithm. The authors analyzed the data using the emergence of news probability for both the Government of Indonesia (GoI) and Indonesian society and the situated cognition concerning the improvement of the SMEs. The authors inferred ecological psychology from these published newspapers in Indonesia that the engaged actions were still suppressed, in comparison with being and doing.

Findings

This study contributes to the innovation and leadership policies of the SMEs’ managerial systems and the GoI. After this study identified the backward-looking practices, which the GoI and the people of Indonesia held, this study recommended some policies to help create a forward-looking orientation. The second one is also a policy for the GoI, which needs to reduce the discrepancy between the signified and the signifier, as recommended by the structuralist theory. The last one is suggested by the social learning theory; policies are needed that relate to developing the SMEs’ beliefs, attitudes and behavior. It means that the GoI should prepare the required social contexts, which are in motoric production and reinforcement. Explicitly, the authors argue that the GoI facilitates SMEs by emphasizing the internal learning process.

Research limitations/implications

The authors present some possibilities for the limitations of this research. The authors took into account that this study assumes the SMEs are all the same, without industrial clustering. It considers that the need for social learning and social cognition by the unclustered industries is equal. Second, the authors acknowledge that Indonesia is an emerging country, and its economic structure has three levels of contributors; the companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, then the SMEs and the lowest level is the underground economy. Third, the authors did not distinguish the levels of success for the empowerment programs that are conducted by either the GoI or the local governments. This study recognizes that the authors did not measure success levels. It means that the authors only focused on the knowledge content.

Practical implications

From these pieces of evidence, this study constructed its strategies. The authors offer three kinds of policies. The first is the submission of special allocation funds from which the GoI and local governments develop their budgets for the SMEs’ social learning and social cognition. The second is the development of social learning and social cognition’s curricula for both the SMEs’ owners and executive officers. The third is the need for a national knowledge repository for all the Indonesian SMEs. This repository is used for the dissemination of knowledge.

Originality/value

This study raises argumental novelties with some of the critical reasoning. First, the authors argue that the sluggishness of the Indonesian SMEs is because of some fallacies in their social cognition. This social cognition is derived from the cultural knowledge that the GoI and people of Indonesia disclosed in the newspapers. This study shows the falsifications from the three main perspectives of the structuration, structuralist and social learning theories. Second, this study can elaborate on the causal factor for the sluggishness of Indonesia’s SMEs, which can be explained by philosophical science, especially its fallacies (Hundleby, 2010; Magnus and Callender, 2004). The authors expand the causal factors for each gap in every theory, which determined the SMEs’ sluggishness through the identification of inconsistencies in each dimension of their structuration, structuralism and social learning. This study focused on the fallacy of philosophical science that explains the misconceptions about the SMEs’ improvement because of faulty reasoning, which causes the wrong moves to be made in the future (Dorr, 2017; Pielke, 1999).

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚政府如何赋予中小企业权力？报纸社会认知分析

目的

本研究旨在承认大多数印度尼西亚中小企业 (SME) 增长缓慢。它强调，这种呆滞是由于对印度尼西亚生态心理的一些篡改。它侧重于调查可能支持这种证伪的情境认知，例如可供性、实践社区、外围参与情境认知和社会智能理论的体现和合法性。

设计/方法/方法

本研究从 2016 年 10 月至 2019 年 2 月期间出版的报纸中获取数据。作者使用了怀卡托环境进行知识分析和 J48 C.45 算法。作者使用印度尼西亚政府（GoI）和印度尼西亚社会的新闻出现概率以及有关中小企业改善的情境认知来分析数据。作者从印度尼西亚出版的这些报纸中推断出生态心理学，与存在和做相比，参与的行为仍然受到抑制。

发现

本研究有助于中小企业管理系统和政府间的创新和领导政策。在这项研究确定了印度政府和印度尼西亚人民所持有的向后看做法之后，这项研究建议了一些政策来帮助创造一个前瞻性的方向。第二个也是 GoI 的政策，需要按照结构主义理论的建议减少所指和能指之间的差异。最后一个是社会学习理论提出的；需要与发展中小企业的信念、态度和行为相关的政策。这意味着 GoI 应该准备所需的社会背景，即运动生产和强化。作者明确指出，GoI 通过强调内部学习过程来促进中小企业的发展。

研究限制/影响

作者为这项研究的局限性提出了一些可能性。作者考虑到本研究假设中小企业都是相同的，没有产业集群。它认为非集群产业对社会学习和社会认知的需求是平等的。其次，作者承认印度尼西亚是一个新兴国家，其经济结构具有三个层次的贡献者；而在印尼证券交易所上市的企业，则是中小企业和地下经济的最底层。第三，作者没有区分政府间或地方政府实施的赋权计划的成功程度。这项研究承认作者没有衡量成功水平。这意味着作者只关注知识内容。

实际影响

根据这些证据，本研究构建了其策略。作者提供了三种政策。一是提交专项拨款，政府和地方政府从中制定中小企业社会学习和社会认知的预算。第二是为中小企业所有者和执行官开发社会学习和社会认知课程。第三是需要为所有印度尼西亚中小企业建立国家知识库。该存储库用于传播知识。

原创性/价值

这项研究通过一些批判性推理提出了新的论证。首先，作者认为印尼中小企业之所以不景气，是因为他们的社会认知存在一些误区。这种社会认知来源于政府和印度尼西亚人民在报纸上披露的文化知识。本研究从结构化理论、结构主义学习理论和社会学习理论三个主要视角揭示了证伪。其次，这项研究可以详细阐述印度尼西亚中小企业不景气的原因，这可以用哲学科学来解释，尤其是其谬误（Hundleby，2010；Magnus and Callender，2004）。作者扩展了每个理论中每个差距的因果因素，它通过识别中小企业结构化、结构主义和社会学习的各个维度的不一致来确定中小企业的低迷。本研究侧重于哲学科学的谬误，该谬误解释了由于推理错误导致中小企业改进的误解，从而导致未来采取错误行动（Dorr，2017；Pielke，1999）。