Scholars generally read Documentary Arabic according to the norms of Standard Arabic, the constructed ideal language of Abbasid literati. But this essay shows that the nonstandard features of Documentary Arabic were not spontaneous creations by the unlearned but rather scribal traditions carefully transmitted from one generation to the next. Umayyad Documentary Arabic was first and foremost the language used by state officials to display, in public, the authority of the Muslim state and, secondarily, the insider language that the small Arabic elite used to communicate on business and private matters. Given the nature of this elite, it is not surprising to find that this language was fairly uniform. Abbasid Documentary Arabic was the language used to display and administer the authority of the many loosely interacting and for the most part rival rulers but mainly became the language of choice that learned people used to communicate on business and private matters as well as in academic exchange. To mark provenance and affiliation, scribes most probably used not only whole words and formulas and distinctive scripts and layouts but also minor variants in orthography, form, and government. The Arabic of Fatimid Documentary Judeo-Arabic documents found in the Geniza is, this analysis demonstrates, nothing more than mainstream Fatimid Documentary Arabic, albeit continuously transliterated from Arabic into Hebrew characters. Geniza documentary materials must therefore be read as part of a continuous tradition of Arabic derived from state administration rather than as a Jewish sociolect or a variant of standard Arabic.

中文翻译：

---

阿拉伯文献中的抄写传统：从一种帝国标准语言到一种（犹太）跨国交流语言（从 7 世纪到 12 世纪）

学者们通常根据标准阿拉伯语的规范阅读文献阿拉伯语，标准阿拉伯语是阿拔斯文人构建的理想语言。但这篇文章表明，阿拉伯纪录片的非标准特征不是未学过的人的自发创造，而是代代相传的抄写传统。倭马亚纪录片阿拉伯语首先是国家官员用来公开展示穆斯林国家权威的语言，其次是阿拉伯小精英在商业和私人事务上交流的内部语言。鉴于这些精英的性质，发现这种语言相当统一也就不足为奇了。阿拔斯文献阿拉伯语是用来展示和管理许多松散互动和大多数敌对统治者的权威的语言，但主要成为学习人们用来在商业和私人事务以及学术交流中进行交流的首选语言。为了标记出处和隶属关系，抄写员很可能不仅使用完整的单词和公式以及独特的脚本和布局，而且还使用了拼写、形式和政府方面的微小变体。该分析表明，在 Geniza 中发现的法蒂玛纪录片犹太-阿拉伯语文献中的阿拉伯语只不过是主流的法蒂玛纪录片阿拉伯语，尽管不断从阿拉伯语音译为希伯来语字符。