This paper revisits the question of the connection between the wars in Eastern Europe (beginning with gezeirot taḥ ve-tat in 1648) and the rise of Sabbateanism. It argues that the key issue is the ways in which the Ashkenazi Jews of Jerusalem dealt with the collapse of Polish-Lithuanian Jewish funding for the Land of Israel in the wake of the wars. Following 1648, an extended transregional philanthropic network began to support the relief efforts for Polish Jewry, diverting resources from the Land of Israel. Initially, this caused great suffering in Jerusalem, including a famine in which many, particularly women, died. In response, great pressure was put on the philanthropic network supporting Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel: the Ashkenazi women of Jerusalem tried to establish their own independent fundraising mechanism, while the men employed a Polish Jew, Nathan Shapira, to collect for them. A major kabbalist, Shapira found common ground with millenarian Protestants in north-western Europe, who saw in the suffering of the Jews in both Eastern Europe and the Holy Land a sign of the Messiah’s imminent return. When they sent money to Jerusalem, the local community—including Nathan of Gaza, then a student—was forced to consider its attitude towards them and their ideology. Nathan had grown up in the post-1648 expanded world of philanthropy and, after the appearance of Shabbetai Zvi, used many transregional fundraising strategies with great success to help spread the new messianic movement.

中文翻译：

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东欧战争、耶路撒冷的犹太人和安息日主义的兴起：十七世纪中叶犹太世界的形成

本文重新审视了东欧战争（始于 1648 年的 gezeirot taḥ ve-tat）与安息日主义兴起之间的联系问题。它认为，关键问题是耶路撒冷的德系犹太人如何应对战后波兰-立陶宛犹太人为以色列土地提供的资金崩溃。1648 年之后，一个扩展的跨区域慈善网络开始支持波兰犹太人的救援工作，转移了以色列土地上的资源。起初，这在耶路撒冷造成了巨大的苦难，包括一场导致许多人，尤其是妇女死亡的饥荒。作为回应，支持以色列土地上犹太人定居的慈善网络受到了巨大压力：耶路撒冷的德系妇女试图建立自己独立的筹款机制，而这些人则雇用了一名波兰犹太人内森·夏皮拉 (Nathan Shapira) 为他们收集。作为一名主要的卡巴拉学家，夏皮拉与西北欧的千禧年新教徒找到了共同点，他们认为东欧和圣地犹太人的苦难是弥赛亚即将回归的标志。当他们向耶路撒冷汇款时，当地社区——包括当时的学生加沙的内森——被迫考虑对他们和他们的意识形态的态度。内森在 1648 年后扩大的慈善世界中长大，在 Shabbetai Zvi 出现后，他使用了许多跨区域筹款策略并取得了巨大成功，以帮助传播新的弥赛亚运动。他从东欧和圣地犹太人的苦难中看到了弥赛亚即将回归的迹象。当他们向耶路撒冷汇款时，当地社区——包括当时的学生加沙的内森——被迫考虑对他们和他们的意识形态的态度。内森在 1648 年后扩大的慈善世界中长大，在 Shabbetai Zvi 出现后，他使用了许多跨区域筹款策略并取得了巨大成功，以帮助传播新的弥赛亚运动。他从东欧和圣地犹太人的苦难中看到了弥赛亚即将回归的迹象。当他们向耶路撒冷汇款时，当地社区——包括当时的学生加沙的内森——被迫考虑对他们和他们的意识形态的态度。内森在 1648 年后扩大的慈善世界中长大，在 Shabbetai Zvi 出现后，他使用了许多跨区域筹款策略并取得了巨大成功，以帮助传播新的弥赛亚运动。