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The Contested Origins of Internal Displacement
International Journal of Refugee Law Pub Date : 2016-06-01 , DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/eew031
Phil Orchard

In 1993, the United Nations (UN) recognized that internally displaced persons, people who have fled their homes due to conflict but have not crossed an international boundary, were an international problem. Francis Deng was appointed as the first Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons, and played a key role in creating the soft law Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which have now been widely recognized and brought into regional hard law through the African Union’s Kampala Convention. Yet, why were the internally displaced not treated as an international problem earlier? Widespread internal displacement occurred during the Second World War. Further, by 1949, the problem of ‘internal refugees’ from the Indian Partition and the Greek Civil War was being raised within the UN. Internal refugees were not included in the 1951 Refugee Convention, as Eleanor Roosevelt stated in the General Assembly in 1949, because ‘internal refugee situations … were separate problems of a different character, in which no question of protection of the persons concerned was involved’. Using new archival research, this article argues that Roosevelt’s statement – critical in demarking the definition of ‘refugee’ that appeared in the Convention – was actually a frame used deliberately by the US government to forestall a wider encompassing definition and an assistance mandate for the early United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. This was a crucial shift, as it reified a clear division between refugees and internally displaced persons, a division which was far murkier in practice than Roosevelt’s statement made it appear.

中文翻译:

内部位移的有争议的起源

1993 年,联合国 (UN) 承认,因冲突而逃离家园但未跨越国际边界的境内流离失所者是一个国际问题。弗朗西斯·邓被任命为联合国秘书长关于国内流离失所问题的第一任代表,并在制定国内流离失所问题软法指导原则方面发挥了关键作用,该指导原则现已得到广泛认可并通过非洲国家法律纳入区域硬法联盟的坎帕拉公约。然而,为什么国内流离失所者没有更早地被视为一个国际问题呢?第二次世界大战期间发生了广泛的国内流离失所。此外,到 1949 年,联合国内部提出了来自印度分裂和希腊内战的“内部难民”问题。正如埃莉诺·罗斯福 (Eleanor Roosevelt) 于 1949 年在大会上所说的那样,1951 年的《难民公约》没有将国内难民包括在内,因为“国内难民情况……是不同性质的独立问题,其中不涉及保护有关人员的问题”。本文使用新的档案研究认为,罗斯福的声明——对区分公约中出现的“难民”的定义至关重要——实际上是美国政府故意使用的框架,以阻止更广泛的定义和早期援助任务。联合国难民署。这是一个关键的转变,因为它具体化了难民和国内流离失所者之间的明确划分,这种划分实际上比罗斯福声明所表现的要模糊得多。
更新日期:2016-06-01
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