The purpose of this paper is to offer a new gender- and class-sensitive framework for research on rural women entrepreneurship by focusing on the women’s agricultural cooperatives in Turkey. Although these cooperatives have been promoted as ideal bottom-to-top organizations to integrate women into economy as entrepreneurs, there has been significant decline in their numbers. This paper tackles with this contradictory situation and intends to offer an alternative research framework on the viability of the women’s agricultural cooperatives in Turkey.,The paper is built on a critical assessment of the existing literature. It argues that a framework that brings together macro-, meso- and micro-factors will provide a springboard to unfold the gendered processes integral to rural female entrepreneurship in Turkey. Drawing on intersectional theory, the multilayered factors which operate to rural women’s (dis)advantages through the cooperatives are unfolded as policymaking, policy implementation and everyday experiences.,For policymakers and implementers, it points out the need for a holistic and integrated understanding of rural female entrepreneurship and for re-formulation of policies at the state level. For rural women, it draws attention to the measures required to be taken at the cooperative level to overcome inequalities.,This paper is original in making explicit social, political and economic embeddedness of female entrepreneurship in rural Turkey.

中文翻译：

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土耳其农村妇女创业的性别和阶级敏感性解释模型

本文旨在通过关注土耳其的妇女农业合作社，为农村妇女创业研究提供一个新的性别和阶级敏感性框架。尽管这些合作社已被提拔为理想的自下而上的组织，以使妇女作为企业家融入经济，但人数却大大减少了。本文针对这一矛盾情况，旨在为土耳其妇女农业合作社的生存能力提供替代研究框架。本文建立在对现有文献的批判性评估基础上。它认为，一个将宏观，中观和微观因素结合在一起的框架将提供一个跳板，以展开土耳其农村女性企业家精神不可或缺的性别化过程。借鉴交叉理论，通过合作社制定政策，执行政策和日常经验，揭示了通过合作社对农村妇女的不利影响的多方面因素。对于政策制定者和实施者，它指出需要对农村女性企业家精神以及对妇女的-在国家一级制定政策。对于农村妇女，它提请人们注意在合作社一级为克服不平等而需要采取的措施。，本文最初是为了明确指出农村女性创业精神在社会，政治和经济上的嵌入。它指出有必要对农村女性企业家精神有一个全面而全面的了解，并需要在国家一级重新制定政策。对于农村妇女，它提请人们注意在合作社一级为克服不平等而需要采取的措施。，本文最初是为了明确指出农村女性创业精神在社会，政治和经济上的嵌入。它指出有必要对农村女性企业家精神有一个全面而全面的了解，并需要在国家一级重新制定政策。对于农村妇女，它提请人们注意在合作社一级为克服不平等而需要采取的措施。，本文最初是为了明确指出农村女性创业精神在社会，政治和经济上的嵌入。