Organized crime impacts on societies, and it is one of the main threats to global justice. Assessment of the presence and activities of organized crime is therefore crucial for the design of effective policies and actions. Several methodological approaches have been proposed to address the two main challenges implied by this effort: (1) the complexity of defining what organized crime is; and (2) the collection and generation of reliable data to estimate it. Moreover, organized crime groups increasingly engage in illicit activities that extend beyond their traditional territories and the borders of a single state. This expansion is facilitated by the ever-growing economic and social connections among people and countries. This poses serious threats to countries and their citizens by generating direct and indirect economic damage, affecting social structures, and hindering the development and stability of states. This paper discusses the latest methodological advances in measurement of OC within a country or a region. It then describes a strategy for assessing OC presence based on the estimation of the transnational illicit markets and the role of countries in those illicit networks. Examples from the current research studies are provided.

中文翻译：

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衡量（跨国）有组织犯罪作为全球正义的指标

有组织犯罪对社会的影响，是对全球正义的主要威胁之一。因此，对有组织犯罪的存在和活动的评估对于设计有效的政策和行动至关重要。已经提出了几种方法论方法来应对这一努力所隐含的两个主要挑战：（1）确定什么是有组织犯罪的复杂性；（2）收集和生成可靠的数据以对其进行估计。此外，有组织犯罪集团越来越多地从事超出其传统领土和一个国家边界的非法活动。人与国家之间不断增长的经济和社会联系促进了这种扩展。通过造成直接和间接的经济损失，对各国及其公民构成严重威胁，影响社会结构，阻碍国家发展与稳定。本文讨论了在一个国家或地区内测量OC的最新方法学进展。然后，它基于对跨国非法市场的评估以及各国在这些非法网络中的作用，描述了一种评估OC存在的策略。提供了来自当前研究的示例。