This article examines the policy and strategies of the Shipping Federation, which was the most aggressive employer association in the United Kingdom during the pre-war period. Using a vast array of sources, including several series of minutes and the financial records and ledgers of the association of shipowners, this article provides a number of insights into the Federation’s organizational and operational structure, the subcontracting of labour replacement to professional or commercial strike-breaker agencies as well as the delegation of protection tasks to vigilante groups. It looks at the transnationalization of its anti-labour schemes and the formation of an international body of strike-breakers, the International Shipping Federation, to deal with the question of maritime labour at home and abroad. The article emphasizes the shipowners’ propositions to form their own private security organization in response to the Liberal government’s assertion of neutrality in labour disputes. It shows their determination to use violence, including the presence of firearms, to suppress efforts by unions to achieve recognition and the monopoly over the supply of labour and hiring procedures. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the inclination of certain sectors of British industry to employ violent, illegal and inherently subversive means to protect their managerial authority from both the opposition of trade unions and the increasing encroachment of the state into industrial matters.

中文翻译：

---

海滨的罢工和反工会主义：航运联盟，1890-1914

本文考察了航运联合会的政策和战略，该联合会是战前英国最具侵略性的雇主协会。本文使用大量来源，包括若干系列会议记录以及船东协会的财务记录和分类账，提供了对联合会组织和运营结构、将劳动力替代分包给专业或商业罢工的一些见解——断路器机构以及将保护任务委派给自卫队。它着眼于其反劳工计划的跨国化，以及成立一个国际罢工破坏者组织，即国际航运联合会，以处理国内外的海事劳工问题。文章强调了船东关于成立自己的私人保安组织的提议，以回应自由党政府在劳资纠纷中的中立主张。这表明他们决心使用暴力，包括枪支的存在，来压制工会为获得认可和对劳动力供应和招聘程序的垄断而做出的努力。这篇文章的目的是展示英国工业的某些部门倾向于使用暴力、非法和固有的颠覆性手段来保护他们的管理权威免受工会的反对和国家对工业事务的日益侵犯。这表明他们决心使用暴力，包括枪支的存在，来压制工会为获得认可和对劳动力供应和招聘程序的垄断而做出的努力。这篇文章的目的是展示英国工业的某些部门倾向于使用暴力、非法和固有的颠覆性手段来保护他们的管理权威免受工会的反对和国家对工业事务的日益侵犯。这表明他们决心使用暴力，包括枪支的存在，来压制工会为获得认可和对劳动力供应和招聘程序的垄断而做出的努力。这篇文章的目的是展示英国工业的某些部门倾向于使用暴力、非法和固有的颠覆性手段来保护他们的管理权威免受工会的反对和国家对工业事务的日益侵犯。