This article examines the blurred boundaries between public and private repressive practices in Wilhelmine Germany with a special focus on the legal and administrative framework drawn up to redistribute security tasks and delegate the use of violence to non-state actors. While the rapid escalation of political violence in Central and Eastern Europe after 1917 has been widely discussed in the recent historiography, the structure of violence in the pre-war period remains less explored, especially with regard to the public-private interplay in the policing of popular protests. After the first massive strike by Ruhr miners in 1889, the Prussian authorities began to support the formation of semi-private armed protection groups in an effort to tackle ‘strike terrorism’. The idea of privatizing repressive practices arose as a result of widespread fears of social and political disintegration. Yet, although it may seem paradoxical, the precondition for delegating the use of violence to non-state actors was Prussian administrators’ confidence in the state’s solidity and efficiency. The ambivalence in contemporary discourses concerning the vulnerability of the existing social and political order is crucial to explaining why the Prussian authorities implemented strategies for legally distributing arms to those groups that were considered part of the ‘loyal classes’. The mobilization against ‘strike terrorism’ involved not only officially organized armed groups, such as the Zechenwehren, but also more informal or extra-legal strategies such as private use of the municipal police, the distribution of arms to strike-breakers and the militarization of white-collar workers and supervisors.

中文翻译：

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联手打击“罢工恐怖主义”：1890-1914 年德意志帝国警察罢工中的公私相互作用

本文考察了德国威廉的公共和私人镇压实践之间模糊的界限，特别关注为重新分配安全任务和将暴力的使用委托给非国家行为者而制定的法律和行政框架。虽然 1917 年之后中欧和东欧的政治暴力迅速升级在最近的历史编纂中得到了广泛讨论，但战前时期的暴力结构仍然鲜有探讨，特别是在警务中的公私相互作用方面。民众抗议。1889 年鲁尔矿工第一次大规模罢工后，普鲁士当局开始支持组建半私人武装保护团体，以应对“罢工恐怖主义”。由于普遍担心社会和政治解体，产生了将镇压做法私有化的想法。然而，尽管这似乎有些矛盾，但将暴力的使用委托给非国家行为者的先决条件是普鲁士行政人员对国家的稳固性和效率的信心。当代关于现有社会和政治秩序脆弱性的话语中的矛盾情绪对于解释为什么普鲁士当局实施向被视为“忠诚阶级”一部分的群体合法分配武器的策略至关重要。反对“罢工恐怖主义”的动员不仅涉及官方组织的武装团体，例如 Zechenwehren，还涉及更非正式或法外的策略，例如私人使用市政警察，