The Spanish army participated in several armed conflicts in Moroccan territory during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These conflicts tested the capacity of the Spanish nation to inspire and induce its citizens to defend it. How the wars were fought, how they were transmitted to the population, and how the population reacted to them evolved with the times. Although nationalist fervour and ‘nation consumption’ intensified, so did the sacrifice the nation required of its people. In this gap between patriotic zeal and actual willingness, it is possible to observe the degree of nationalization among Spaniards. Analysis ‘from below’, based on the perceptions of the lower classes versus those of the upper classes, or of individuals versus the community, expands and refines the traditional scope to make nuances visible. This departure from traditional historiography, based on analysis ‘from above’, moves beyond the patriotic enthusiasm for the Hispano-Moroccan War of 1859 to the indifference surrounding the War of Melilla of 1893, resistance to recruitment as the Barranco del Lobo disaster struck in 1909, and the fear and desire for revenge after the 1921 debacle of Annual. By inverting the vantage point, resistance emerges where homogeneous support was assumed, inviting exploration to discover if the unpopularity of the twentieth-century conflicts favoured Spanish de-nationalization and the awakening of other national consciences. This attempt to discern real attitudes concerning the wars that altered the course of Spanish history involves looking at how ways of knowing have evolved regarding what happened across the Straits of Gibraltar.

中文翻译：

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西班牙-摩洛哥战争（1859-1927）和西班牙人民的（去）国有化

西班牙军队在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初参与了摩洛哥领土上的几次武装冲突。这些冲突考验了西班牙民族激励和引导其公民保卫自己的能力。战争是如何进行的，它们是如何传播给民众的，以及民众对它们的反应是如何随着时代而演变的。尽管民族主义狂热和“民族消费”愈演愈烈，但国家对其人民所要求的牺牲也在加剧。在爱国热情和实际意愿之间的这种差距中，可以观察到西班牙人的国有化程度。“自下而上”的分析，基于下层阶级与上层阶级的看法，或个人与社区的看法，扩展和完善了传统范围，使细微差别可见。这种基于“自上而下”分析的传统史学背离，超越了对 1859 年西班牙-摩洛哥战争的爱国热情，转变为围绕 1893 年梅利利亚战争的冷漠，以及 1909 年巴兰科德尔洛博灾难袭击后对招募的抵制，以及 1921 年年刊惨败后的恐惧和复仇欲望。通过颠倒有利位置，在假设有同质支持的地方出现了抵抗，邀请探索发现 20 世纪冲突的不受欢迎是否有利于西班牙的去民族化和其他民族良知的觉醒。这种试图辨别对改变西班牙历史进程的战争的真实态度的尝试涉及了解关于直布罗陀海峡两岸发生的事情的认识方式是如何演变的。