Hazardous materials (hazmat) storage and transportation pose threats to people’s safety and the environment, which creates a need for governments and local authorities to regulate such shipments. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for what is termed the hazmat closed-loop supply chain network design problem. The model, which can be viewed as a way to combine several directions previously considered in the literature, includes two echelons in the forward direction (production and distribution centers), three echelons in the backward direction (collection, recovery, and disposal centers), and emergency response team positioning. The two objectives of minimizing the strategic, tactical, and operational costs as well as the risk exposure on road networks are considered in this model. Since the forward flow of hazmat is directly related to the reverse flow, and since hazmat accidents can occur at all stages of the lifecycle (storage, shipment, loading, and unloading, etc.), it is argued that such a unified framework is essential. A robust framework is also presented to hedge the optimization model in case of demand and return uncertainty. The performance of both models is evaluated based on a standard dataset from Albany, NY. Considering the trade-offs between cost and risk, the results demonstrate the design of efficient hazmat closed-loop supply chain networks where the risk exposure can be reduced significantly by employing the proposed models.

危险品（危险品）的存储和运输对人们的安全和环境构成威胁，这需要政府和地方当局对此类货物进行监管。本文针对所谓的危险品闭环供应链网络设计问题提出了一种新颖的数学模型。该模型可以看作是结合先前文献中考虑的多个方向的一种方式，包括向前的两个梯队（生产和分配中心），向后的三个梯队（收集，回收和处置中心），和应急小组的位置。该模型考虑了将战略，战术和运营成本以及道路网络风险最小化的两个目标。由于危险品的前向流动与逆向流动直接相关，并且由于危险品事故可能发生在生命周期的所有阶段（存储，运输，装载和卸载等），因此有人认为这样一个统一的框架至关重要。还提出了一个健壮的框架来在需求和回报不确定的情况下对冲优化模型。基于纽约州奥尔巴尼市的标准数据集评估了这两种模型的性能。考虑到成本与风险之间的权衡，结果证明了有效的危险品闭环供应链网络的设计，其中通过采用建议的模型可以显着降低风险敞口。有人认为，这样一个统一的框架至关重要。还提出了一个健壮的框架来在需求和回报不确定的情况下对冲优化模型。基于纽约州奥尔巴尼市的标准数据集评估了这两种模型的性能。考虑到成本与风险之间的权衡，结果证明了有效的危险品闭环供应链网络的设计，其中通过采用建议的模型可以显着降低风险敞口。有人认为，这样一个统一的框架至关重要。还提出了一个健壮的框架来在需求和回报不确定的情况下对冲优化模型。基于纽约州奥尔巴尼市的标准数据集评估了这两种模型的性能。考虑到成本与风险之间的权衡，结果证明了有效的危险品闭环供应链网络的设计，其中通过采用建议的模型可以显着降低风险敞口。