In this paper, I present the suggestion that a suitable theory of “justice as fairness” could offer a consistent path for solving many issues related to the actual crisis of the classical liberal model of economy and democracy, by substituting the abstract “equality” principle, with the concrete “equity” one in the notion of justice. After a short discussion of some main characters of the present worldwide crisis of the classical liberal model, I present two main theories of justice as fairness. John Rawls’ theory in political philosophy that emphasizes how really equitable judgements must overcome the equalitarianism of the Classical Liberalism, by considering the real possibilities of individuals and groups of accessing and enjoying commodities and utilities, as well as, the “basic liberties” defining the citizen equal dignity in the Modern State. Rawls propose, therefore, a notion of fairness compliant with the Kantian normativism, and a notion of fair distributive justice based on the ethical principle of the maximin, as a criterion for judging the righteousness of the State Institutions. The other theory of justice as fairness I discuss in this paper is an evolution of Rawls’ in the direction of the development of a “comparative distributive justice”, without any normativism. This theory is developed in the context of the newborn discipline of the “social choice theory”, formalizing social decision processes, with applications in economic, social, and political sciences. What characterizes Sen’s theory is its original synthesis between the Aristotelian notion of fairness, based on the “personal flourishing”, and Adam Smith’s ethical principle of the “extended sympathy”, by which making comparable different approaches to pursue the personal flourishing, i.e., for achieving “valued and valuable ways of being and of doing”, compliant with, and respectful of, different value systems.

中文翻译：

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走向以人为本的经济和政治：从罗尔斯到森的正义即公平理论

在本文中，我提出一个建议，即通过替代抽象的“平等”原则，适当的“以公义为公平”理论可以为解决与古典经济和民主自由模型的实际危机有关的许多问题提供一条一致的道路。 ，在正义的概念中带有具体的“平等”。在简短讨论了当前世界范围内古典自由主义危机的一些主要特征之后，我提出了两种主要的正义理论，即公平。约翰·罗尔斯（John Rawls）的政治哲学理论强调，在考虑个人和团体获得和享用商品和公用事业以及购买，使用商品和公用事业的真实可能性之后，真正的平等判断必须如何克服古典自由主义的平等主义，定义现代国家公民平等尊严的“基本自由”。因此，罗尔斯提出了一个符合康德规范主义的公平概念，以及一个基于马克西姆伦理原则的公平分配正义的概念，作为判断国家机构正义的标准。我在本文中讨论的另一种关于公平的正义理论是罗尔斯在没有任何规范主义的情况下朝“比较分配正义”发展方向的演变。该理论是在“社会选择理论”的新生学科的背景下发展起来的，它使社会决策过程正式化，并在经济，社会和政治科学中得到应用。森的理论的特征在于它是基于“个人繁荣”的亚里士多德式公平概念的原始综合，