The external worlds do not objectively exist for living systems because these worlds are unknown from within systems. How can they escape solipsism to survive and reproduce as open systems? Living systems must construct their hypothetical models of external entities in the form of their internal structures to determine how to change states (i.e., sense and act) appropriately to achieve a favorable probability distribution of the events they experience. The model construction involves the generation of symbols referring to external entities. This paper attempts to provide a new view that living systems are an inverse-causality operator. Inverse causality (IC) is an algorithmic process that generates symbols referring to external reality states based on a given data sequence. For applying this logical model involving if–then entailments to living systems involving material interactions, the cognizers-system model was employed to represent the IC process; here, living systems were modeled as a subject of cognition and action. A focal subject system is described as a cognizer composed of sub-cognizers, such as a sensor, a signal transducer, and an effector. Analysis using this model proposes that living systems invented the “measurers” for conducting IC operations through their evolution.

中文翻译：

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生命系统通过反因果关系逃避唯我论，以管理事件的概率分布

生命系统并不客观存在外部世界，因为这些内部世界在系统内部是未知的。他们如何才能摆脱唯我论，以生存并作为开放系统复制？生命系统必须以其内部结构的形式构建其外部实体的假设模型，以确定如何适当地改变状态（即感觉和行为）以实现其所经历事件的有利概率分布。模型的构建涉及参考外部实体的符号的生成。本文试图提供一个新的观点，即生命系统是一个因果逆算子。逆因果关系（IC）是一种算法过程，可基于给定的数据序列生成引用外部现实状态的符号。为了将这种包含if-then必然性的逻辑模型应用于涉及物质相互作用的生命系统，采用了cognizers-system模型来表示IC过程。在这里，生命系统被建模为认知和行动的主题。焦点对象系统被描述为由子放大镜组成的放大镜，例如传感器，信号传感器和效应器。使用此模型的分析表明，生命系统发明了通过其发展来进行IC操作的“测量器”。