Mesh generation and deformation are critical elements in gradient-based aerodynamic shape optimization (ASO). Improperly generated or deformed meshes may contain bad-quality cells that degrade the accuracy of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers. Moreover, an inefficient mesh deformation method can become the bottleneck for the entire ASO process. To perform practical ASO, mesh generation and deformation methods need to be automated, scalable, robust, and computationally efficient. This paper tackles these challenges by developing an efficient approach for generating high-quality structured meshes in a semi-automatic manner. An automatic mesh generation approach is also proposed to handle intersections of multiple structured meshes with the overset mesh approach. In addition to mesh generation, a flexible mesh deformation method is developed, along with an efficient approach for computing mesh deformation derivatives using automatic differentiation. Finally, the performance of the proposed approaches is evaluated in terms of speed, scalability, and robustness. The mesh generation approach scales up to 100 million cells and 256 CPU cores. In addition, the robust mesh deformation approach enables a large range of valid mesh deformations, which gives more freedom to explore the design space in ASO. Moreover, the mesh deformation and the computation of its derivatives require only 0.1% of the CFD runtime. The mesh generation and deformation approaches have been implemented in the pyHyp and IDWarp software packages, which are publicly available under open-source licenses. The proposed approaches are useful tools to handle general ASO problems for aircraft, turbomachinery, and ground vehicles.

网格的生成和变形是基于梯度的空气动力学形状优化（ASO）的关键要素。错误生成或变形的网格可能包含质量差的单元，从而降低了计算流体力学（CFD）求解器的准确性。而且，无效的网格变形方法可能成为整个ASO过程的瓶颈。为了执行实际的ASO，网格生成和变形方法需要自动化，可伸缩，健壮且计算效率高。本文通过开发一种以半自动方式生成高质量结构化网格的有效方法来解决这些挑战。还提出了一种自动网格生成方法，该方法可以使用覆盖网格方法来处理多个结构化网格的相交。除了生成网格外，还开发了一种灵活的网格变形方法，以及使用自动微分计算网格变形导数的有效方法。最后，在速度，可伸缩性和鲁棒性方面评估了所提出方法的性能。网格生成方法最多可扩展到1亿个单元和256个CPU内核。此外，鲁棒的网格变形方法可实现大范围的有效网格变形，这为探索ASO中的设计空间提供了更大的自由度。此外，网格变形及其导数的计算仅需要CFD运行时间的0.1％。网格生成和变形方法已在pyHyp和IDWarp软件包中实现，这些软件包已在开源许可下公开提供。提出的方法是处理飞机，涡轮机，