Cicero wrote the Philippics in 44 and 43 b.c.e. to attack Mark Antony, who had been Julius Caesar’s closest associate and remained one of the most powerful men in Rome after Caesar’s assassination. These speeches have been analyzed as masterpieces of political invective: Cicero’s evident goal is to weaken and counteract Antony’s influence in public life and to frame his contest with Antony as one between the republic established by the ancestors of the Roman people and the tyranny enacted by Caesar.2 The Philippics have received little attention, however, as works that illuminate a central issue in Roman political thought: how to contend with the figure of the powerful individual in the context of collective governance. Cicero’s diatribes against Antony demonstrate that, from the perspective of the ruling class at Rome, the powerful leader was often regarded as dangerous: someone who undermined the standing of his fellow elites and so threatened the right functioning of the community. The depiction of Antony in the Philippics, however, also points to a different vision of the powerful individual, according to which figures like Antony were persistent features

中文翻译：

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西塞罗的菲利普斯 1 和 2 中的性、爱和领导力

西塞罗在公元前 44 年和 43 年写下菲利普亲王来攻击马克安东尼，他是凯撒大帝最亲密的伙伴，并且在凯撒被暗杀后仍然是罗马最有权势的人之一。这些演讲被分析为政治谩骂的杰作：西塞罗的明显目标是削弱和抵消安东尼在公共生活中的影响，并将他与安东尼的竞争定为罗马人民祖先建立的共和国与凯撒制定的暴政之间的竞争.2 然而，作为阐明罗马政治思想中心问题的作品，菲利普斯几乎没有受到关注：如何在集体治理的背景下与强大的个人形象抗衡。西塞罗对安东尼的谩骂表明，从罗马统治阶级的角度来看，强大的领导者通常被认为是危险的：他破坏了精英同胞的地位，从而威胁到社区的正常运作。然而，菲利普斯对安东尼的描绘也指向了对强大个体的不同看法，根据这种看法，像安东尼这样的人物是持久的特征