This paper focuses on the simile comparing Penelope to a lion encircled by men in Odyssey 4.791-94. Lion similes in Homeric poetry typically depict warriors in combat situations and so the description of Penelope as a trapped predator facing battle is surprising. The encircled beast of the simile is in a dangerous situation, but the lion's plight is left unresolved as Penelope falls asleep. Many critics note the connection between Penelope the lion and Odys- seus, who is compared to the same animal on five occasions in the poem, most notably in Books 22 and 23 after he slaughters the suitors. Yet most dismiss the simile concerning Penelope as atypical or, as Stephanie West summarizes its scholarly reception in her commentary on Odyssey 1-4, "inept." 2 While the lion simile plays an important part in connecting Penel- ope with both Odysseus and the theme of revenge, its significance extends beyond this basic function. Looking backward to the epic of Gilgamesh and glancing sideways to Iliadic lions, I argue that the lion simile of Odyssey 4 evokes war and its consequences by suggesting a kind of mourning that gives rise to the wrathfulness and thirst for revenge that, within the context of the Odyssey, creates the impetus for Odysseus's return. Penelope is compared to a lion just after she learns of the suit-

中文翻译：

---

哀悼狮子和佩内洛普的复仇

这篇论文的重点是将佩内洛普与奥德赛 ​​4.791-94 中被男人包围的狮子进行比较的比喻。荷马诗歌中的狮子比喻通常描绘战斗中的战士，因此将佩内洛普描述为面临战斗的被困捕食者是令人惊讶的。比喻中的被包围的野兽处于危险境地，但狮子的困境在佩内洛普睡着时仍未解决。许多评论家注意到狮子佩内洛普和奥德修斯之间的联系，奥德修斯在诗中五次被比作同一只动物，最显着的是在他屠杀求婚者之后的第 22 和 23 卷中。然而，大多数人认为关于佩内洛普的比喻是非典型的，或者正如斯蒂芬妮·韦斯特在她对奥德赛 1-4 的评论中总结的那样，“无能”。2 虽然狮子明喻在将佩内洛普与奥德修斯和复仇主题联系起来方面起着重要作用，但它的意义超出了这一基本功能。回顾吉尔伽美什的史诗并侧身瞥见伊利亚迪克的狮子，我认为奥德赛 4 的狮子比喻通过暗示一种会引起愤怒和复仇渴望的哀悼来唤起战争及其后果，在奥德赛，为奥德修斯的回归创造了动力。佩内洛普在得知这件衣服后就被比作狮子—— 我认为奥德赛 4 的狮子比喻通过暗示一种哀悼引起了愤怒和复仇的渴望，从而唤起了战争及其后果，在奥德赛的背景下，这为奥德修斯的回归创造了动力。佩内洛普在得知这件衣服后就被比作狮子—— 我认为奥德赛 4 的狮子比喻通过暗示一种哀悼引起了愤怒和复仇的渴望，从而唤起了战争及其后果，在奥德赛的背景下，这为奥德修斯的回归创造了动力。佩内洛普在得知这件衣服后就被比作狮子——