Social science answers to the essential question of group conflict have focused on two main explanations—their motivating “grievances” and their mobilization “capacity” for collective action. Recent years have seen a renewed focus on grievances in the form of horizontal inequalities (between-group inequality), but the important conceptual and potential empirical differences between horizontal inequality and relative deprivation have not yet been incorporated into this discussion fully. This article first discusses these distinctions, and then assesses how they influence collective violence using new global evidence. Consistent with the theoretical discussion, the empirical results indicate that these concepts are not substitutes, and indeed are only weakly correlated, but rather tap into distinct aspects of grievance. The paper discusses the implications of these results, validates them in a series of robustness checks, and concludes with possible extensions along with future directions.

中文翻译：

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申诉与叛乱：比较相对匮乏与横向不平等

社会科学对群体冲突这一基本问题的回答集中在两种主要的解释上：它们激发了“不满”，而动员了“能力”来采取集体行动。近年来，人们开始以水平不平等（群体间不平等）的形式重新关注申诉，但是水平不平等和相对剥夺之间重要的概念和经验上的差异尚未完全纳入讨论。本文首先讨论这些区别，然后使用新的全球证据评估它们如何影响集体暴力。与理论讨论一致，实证结果表明，这些概念不是替代品，实际上只是微弱地相关，而是进入了不满的不同方面。