Objective A significant body of work has now amassed investigating the interaction between facial cues of sex and emotional expression. For instance, studies have found that male/more masculine faces are perceived more easily as angry, while female/more feminine faces are perceived more easily as happy. Two key mechanisms have been proposed to explain this interaction: a visual-structural account, where the interaction emerges due to physical overlap between facial cues of sex and emotion, and a stereotype based account, where the interaction is driven by associations between men and women, and particular emotions. Previous work often remains silent in regard to the mechanism/s underlying this interaction. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of the literature as this may provide insight into whether facial structure, stereotypes, or a combination of both mechanisms explains the interaction between sex and emotion in face perception. Method The review brings together research on the interaction between emotional expression and sex cues using a range of different methods. Results The existing literature suggests that unique influences of both structural overlap and stereotypes can be observed in circumstances where the influence of one mechanism is reduced or controlled. Studies sensitive to detecting both mechanisms have provided evidence that both can concurrently act to contribute to the interaction between sex and emotion. Conclusion These results are consistent with a role of selection in the physical appearance of facial signals of sex and particular emotional expressions and/or the cognitive structures involved in recognizing sex and emotion.

中文翻译：

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面部表情和性别特征相互作用中的刻板印象和结构

目标现在已经积累了重要的工作，以研究性别的面部暗示与情绪表达之间的相互作用。例如，研究发现，男性/更多男性化的面孔更容易被视为愤怒，而女性/更多女性化的面孔更容易被视为幸福。已经提出了两种主要机制来解释这种相互作用：视觉结构帐户，其相互作用是由于性别和情感的面部提示之间的物理重叠而出现的；以及基于刻板印象的帐户，其相互作用是由男女之间的关联驱动的以及特定的情感。关于此交互作用的基础机制，以前的工作通常保持沉默。本文旨在提供有关文献的最新评论，因为这可以深入了解面部结构，刻板印象，或这两种机制的结合说明了面部感知中性与情感之间的相互作用。方法该综述汇集了使用多种不同方法研究情绪表达与性暗示之间相互作用的方法。结果现有文献表明，在减少或控制一种机制的影响的情况下，可以观察到结构重叠和刻板印象的独特影响。对检测这两种机制敏感的研究提供了证据，证明两者都可以同时发挥作用，促进性别与情感之间的相互作用。结论这些结果与选择在性别的面部信号的物理外观和特定的情感表达和/或识别性别和情感的认知结构中的作用是一致的。