Abstract Besides other theoretical perspectives, the understanding of present adult education and learning policy discourse also demands contributions from social enquiry originated in the broader field of permanent education. The works of Paulo Freire and Ettore Gelpi, two of the most important authors who developed a critical perspective of permanent education may provide valuable resources for understanding what adult education has to offer in educating our way out of the current crisis. Both authors developed political pedagogies and dialectical approaches, which are central to critical studies. Inspired by the works of Freire and of Gelpi, this paper challenges the perspectives which argue that welfare state intervention has been the main source of the education crisis, that the withdrawal of the state can be a way of reviving individual learning, that the training of competent and useful human resources represents a strategy for crisis management and the promotion of economic competitiveness. On the contrary, it concludes that adult education in the light of a critical concept of permanent education is a key to the understanding of the crisis, and to ‘educating’ the crisis – a metaphor that both in a Freirian and Gelpian perspective stresses the importance of culture, work and social struggles for the transformation of the social world.

中文翻译：

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危机时期的成人和永久教育：基于Freire和Gelpi的批判性观点

摘要除了其他理论观点以外，对当前成人教育和学习政策话语的理解也要求来自源于更广泛的永久性教育领域的社会探究的贡献。Paulo Freire和Ettore Gelpi这两位最重要的作者的著作提出了永久教育的批判性观点，它们可能提供宝贵的资源，帮助他们了解成人教育在教育我们摆脱当前危机方面所提供的内容。两位作者都发展了政治教学法和辩证法，这对于批判性研究至关重要。受到弗莱雷（Freire）和盖尔皮（Gelpi）的启发，本文挑战了认为福利国家干预已成为教育危机的主要根源的观点，撤出国家可以成为恢复个人学习的一种方式，训练有能力和有用的人力资源代表着危机管理和促进经济竞争力的战略。相反，它得出的结论是，根据永久教育的批判概念，成人教育是理解危机和“教育”危机的关键–从弗雷里安和盖尔皮安的观点来看，这种隐喻都强调了重要性。文化，工作和社会斗争以应对社会世界的变革。