ABSTRACT

In its magazine, Sunnat-e Khola, Tahrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) called upon women to rise because the ‘Time of Martyrdom has come’. This research addresses questions surrounding how women are framed in jihadi rhetoric and what roles they play within these frames. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analysed sixty-eight jihadi magazines by Islamic State (ISIS), TTP, Al Qaeda, and Taliban, generating 3,417 codes which were further sorted into relevant contextual categories. These data were analysed through the lenses of social movement framing theory, which highlight the nuances and fine-grain differences among the aforementioned jihadi extremist groups in how women are depicted and how women’s agency within these groups is constructed. A significant finding of this paper is that Al Qaeda and ISIS often show opposite trends in how they depict women within diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framings. Furthermore, while the TTP has a higher proclivity to follow similar patterns to ISIS, the Taliban shares more similarities with Al Qaeda than any other group. For example, both ISIS and TTP are more likely than the Taliban and Al Qaeda to encourage women to do hijra and join jihad.

摘要

在其杂志中，Sunnat-e Khola, Tahrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 呼吁女性崛起，因为“殉难时刻已经到来”。这项研究解决了有关女性如何被圣战言论框定以及她们在这些框架中扮演什么角色的问题。使用混合方法，我们分析了伊斯兰国 (ISIS)、TTP、基地组织和塔利班的 68 份圣战杂志，生成了 3,417 个代码，这些代码被进一步分类到相关的上下文类别中。这些数据是通过社会运动框架理论的视角进行分析的，该理论突出了上述圣战极端主义团体在如何描绘女性以及如何构建这些团体中的女性能动性方面的细微差别和细微差别。这篇论文的一个重要发现是，基地组织和伊斯兰国在描述女性的诊断、预后、和激励框架。此外，虽然 TTP 更倾向于遵循与 ISIS 类似的模式，但塔利班与基地组织的相似之处比任何其他组织都多。例如，ISIS 和 TTP 都比塔利班和基地组织更有可能鼓励女性做回教和加入圣战。