ABSTRACT Jane English, a pioneer in feminist sport philosophy, mentioned one simple idea that has received insufficient attention, but its consequences are of great importance for decreasing discrimination in sport. English suggested that female athletes should be allowed to ‘move up’ to the male category and compete against male athletes if they wished to. She drew this strategy from boxing, in which boxers in lower weight categories can choose to ‘move up’—to compete in a higher category (although this is not permitted in reverse—boxers cannot ‘move down’). This strategy could be used in other sports and for other categories, but it is not often chosen. It would suggest that talented athletes do not always need ‘category protection’—they do not need to be protected more than necessary, which raises the question of the justification of the category in the first place. On investigation, some justifications may have less to do with sport-rationality, than with reasons such as paternalism, ableism, ageism or sexism, or organizational reasons. I shall clarify the notion of ‘categories’ in sport, and distinguish four types of categories with respect to their openness: ‘open’ category, ‘semi-open’ category, ‘closed’ category, and ‘overlapping’ categories. This paper advocates the wider use of open and semi-open or at least overlapping categories (where possible), and it argues against the excessive use of closed categories—those made by prescribing set limits. The benefit is clear: athletes who are skilled enough to compete in the higher category should be allowed to ‘move up’, if they wish. With respect to sex/gender, this strategy would partly help to diminish the strength of the binary distinction, and so it can be considered a first and easy step towards a more integrated sport.

中文翻译：

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体育中的公开类别：减少歧视的一种方法

摘要女权运动哲学的先驱简·英吉利（Jane English）提出了一个简单的想法，该想法尚未引起足够的重视，但其后果对减少运动中的歧视具有重要意义。英吉利建议，应允许女运动员“晋升”到男性类别，并在愿意的情况下与男运动员竞争。她从拳击中汲取了这一策略，在这种策略中，体重较低的拳击手可以选择“上移” —以参加较高类别的比赛（尽管不允许反向比赛，拳击手不能“向下移动”）。该策略可以用于其他体育运动和其他类别，但并不经常选择。这表明，才华横溢的运动员并不一定总是需要“类别保护”，因为他们不需要受到不必要的保护，这首先提出了类别合理性的问题。经调查，某些理由可能与体育合理性无关，而与家长式，能力主义，年龄歧视或性别歧视或组织原因等原因有关。我将阐明运动中“类别”的概念，并从开放性方面区分四种类别：“开放”类别，“半开放”类别，“封闭”类别和“重叠”类别。本文主张广泛使用开放和半开放或至少重叠的类别（在可能的情况下），并反对过度使用封闭类别（通过规定限制来进行封闭类别）。好处是显而易见的：如果他们愿意的话，应该允许有足够技能的运动员参加更高级别的比赛。关于性别