ABSTRACT This essay is an attempt to consider the British Empire in the last years of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century from an alternative point of view. Most authors view the empire from a ‘North–South’ perspective: London’s impact on the world; the world’s reaction to London. The emphasis here is rather on the links that developed at Britain’s expense – between the white ruled Dominions and between the African and Asian people over whom they ruled. This is undertaken in the context of Britain’s increasing awareness of its weakness and vulnerability, despite the empire appearing to be at its zenith. The aim of this essay is to outline official attempts in London at systematising imperial rule in the early twentieth century and then to sketch the reactions across the empire.

中文翻译：

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大英帝国的种族与帝国主义：横向视角

摘要 本文试图从另一个角度来考虑 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初的大英帝国。大多数作者从“南北”的角度看待帝国：伦敦对世界的影响；世界对伦敦的反应。这里的重点是在以英国为代价发展的联系上——白人统治的自治领之间以及他们所统治的非洲和亚洲人民之间。这是在英国日益意识到其弱点和脆弱性的背景下进行的，尽管帝国似乎正处于鼎盛时期。本文的目的是概述伦敦在 20 世纪早期系统化帝国统治的官方尝试，然后勾勒整个帝国的反应。