ABSTRACT The post-Cold War period nearly up to the present has been characterised as the age of liberal wars, yet key facets of the liberal guidance of war remain under appreciated. This article seeks to address this wider gap with regard to the particular concern of war termination and the fulfilment or failure of policy. First, it develops characterisations of liberal wars based on the existing literature, identifying three broad types through consideration of context—defensive versus offensive—and of political and strategic agency, particularly regarding the motives for and intents of action. Three types of liberal wars result: defensive liberal wars, offensive liberal wars with humanitarian motive and geopolitical intent, and offensive liberal wars with geopolitical motive and humanitarian intent. The article then presents one exemplary case for each liberal war with an emphasis on how liberal strategy required an illiberal ally and that ally's effect on the subsequent peace.

中文翻译：

---

现代自由主义战争、非自由主义盟友以及作为政策失败的和平

摘要 冷战后时期几乎一直被描述为自由主义战争时代，但自由主义战争指导的关键方面仍未得到重视。本文旨在解决这一更广泛的分歧，即在战争终止和政策的实现或失败方面的特殊关注。首先，它在现有文献的基础上发展了自由主义战争的特征，通过考虑背景——防御与进攻——以及政治和战略机构，特别是关于行动的动机和意图，确定了三大类型。导致了三种类型的自由战争：防御性自由战争、具有人道主义动机和地缘政治意图的进攻性自由战争，以及具有地缘政治动机和人道主义意图的进攻性自由战争。