ABSTRACT Unlike their peers with typical hearing, reading and speech challenges observed among children with hearing loss may not only be caused by developmental issues but also hearing-related problems. Although conventional oral reading assessments are useful for identifying children at risk of reading difficulties, they do not help examiners identify hearing-related issues. This study sought to develop a reliable and valid multidimensional oral reading assessment for Mandarin-speaking children with hearing loss. Reading materials with three difficulty levels were created. To examine the inter-rater reliability and criterion-related validity of the assessment, the oral reading performances of 19 children with hearing loss were evaluated using both subjective and objective measures. The findings revealed high reliability and validity for character recognition. Regarding the appropriateness of an observational evaluation, the results confirm its differentiating ability between three-point values and demonstrate a significant correlation to its corresponding objective rating scores, supporting that the subjective rating can replace quantitative analysis when necessary. This assessment has favourable reliability and validity and can be used to assist professionals in recognising red flags related to language, speech, reading and hearing problems, ensuring that adequate intervention and support can be delivered to students as required.

中文翻译：

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普通话听力损失儿童口语阅读评估的发展、信度和效度

摘要 与在听力损失儿童中观察到的具有典型听力、阅读和言语困难的同龄人不同，这可能不仅是由发育问题引起的，还可能是与听力相关的问题。虽然传统的口头阅读评估有助于识别有阅读困难风险的儿童，但它们并不能帮助考官识别与听力相关的问题。本研究旨在为有听力损失的说普通话的儿童开发一种可靠且有效的多维口语阅读评估。创建了三个难度级别的阅读材料。为了检查评估的评估者间信度和标准相关效度，使用主观和客观措施评估了 19 名听力损失儿童的口语阅读能力。研究结果揭示了字符识别的高可靠性和有效性。关于观察性评价的适宜性，结果证实了其对三分值的区分能力，并证明与其对应的客观评分有显着相关性，支持主观评分在必要时可以代替定量分析。该评估具有良好的信度和效度，可用于帮助专业人士识别与语言、言语、阅读和听力问题相关的危险信号，确保可以根据需要向学生提供足够的干预和支持。结果证实了它在三分值之间的区分能力，并证明了与其相应的客观评分有显着相关性，支持主观评分在必要时可以代替定量分析。该评估具有良好的信度和效度，可用于帮助专业人士识别与语言、言语、阅读和听力问题相关的危险信号，确保可以根据需要向学生提供足够的干预和支持。结果证实了它在三分值之间的区分能力，并证明了与其相应的客观评分有显着相关性，支持主观评分在必要时可以代替定量分析。该评估具有良好的信度和效度，可用于帮助专业人士识别与语言、言语、阅读和听力问题相关的危险信号，确保可以根据需要向学生提供足够的干预和支持。