ABSTRACT A significant proportion of research and initiatives challenging violence within Iraq and Syria centres on the international threat posed by Islamic State (Daesh). Consequently, much of this work is funded, designed, managed and implemented by external actors, with a security focus on Salafi-Jihadist groups and the mobilisation of (male) combatants. This paper has a dual purpose: to review and evaluate the progress of localised initiatives inside Iraq and Syria that focus on social cohesion and resilience to violence, and to explore and showcase the engagement of local women in this field. Drawing on multi-sector accounts of women serves to highlight and better understand their individual experiences, and the challenges and opportunities for female voices to be considered, amplified and impactful. This scope provides insight into individual and communal vulnerabilities to ‘radicalisation’ within Iraq and Syria and explores the successes and failures of female-led counter-initiatives. The paper underscores the experiences of these women from a local and non-western perspective and sheds light on what is being done on the ground to challenge violence post-Daesh.

中文翻译：

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当地反对暴力的声音：妇女在伊拉克和叙利亚挑战极端主义

摘要挑战伊拉克和叙利亚境内暴力行为的大量研究和计划都集中在伊斯兰国（Daesh）构成的国际威胁上。因此，大部分工作是由外部参与者资助，设计，管理和实施的，安全重点是萨拉菲－圣战者组织和动员（男性）战斗人员。本文具有双重目的：审查和评估伊拉克和叙利亚内部专注于社会凝聚力和对暴力的抵御能力的本地化倡议的进展，并探索和展示当地妇女在这一领域的参与。利用妇女的多部门账户，可以突出并更好地了解她们的个人经历，以及考虑，扩大和影响女性声音的挑战和机会。该范围提供了对伊拉克和叙利亚境内“激进化”的个人和社区脆弱性的洞察力，并探讨了由女性领导的反主动行动的成败。该论文从本地和非西方的角度强调了这些妇女的经历，并阐明了在实践中为挑战达伊士后的暴力所做的努力。