ABSTRACT

This article explores the demise of the piracy of the Vikings. This piracy consisted in part of slave-raiding and slave-trading, and in these operations the modus operandi was often to kill males and take females as slaves. Although the Danes were Christianized in the late tenth century, this practice persisted in the following centuries. Thus, even in the twelfth century when the Danish waged holy war against the pagan Wends on the southeastern Baltic shore, slave-raiding still seems to have been part of the Danish military practice. However, by then, there was increasing ideological and economic pressure to abandon this kind of warfare. The Church frowned upon the raiding and trading of Christians as slaves, and it increasingly condemned this practice. Moreover, the international trade was changing from being focused on the sale of luxury items such as furs, jewellery and slaves to one dominated by trade in bulk goods. Finally, the Franco-German military practice aimed at controlling land rather than people increasingly superseded the classic Scandinavian one of the raiding. In combination, these developments caused the cessation of Danish slave-raiding in the thirteenth century.

摘要

本文探讨了维京人海盗行为的消亡。这种海盗行为包括掠夺奴隶和贩卖奴隶，而在这些行动中，其作案手法往往是杀死男性，将女性收为奴隶。尽管丹麦人在 10 世纪后期被基督教化，但这种做法在接下来的几个世纪中仍然存在。因此，即使在 12 世纪丹麦人在波罗的海东南部海岸对异教文德人发动圣战时，掠夺奴隶似乎仍然是丹麦军事实践的一部分。然而，到那时，放弃这种战争的意识形态和经济压力越来越大。教会不赞成将基督徒作为奴隶进行掠夺和交易，并且越来越谴责这种做法。而且，国际贸易正从专注于皮草、珠宝和奴隶等奢侈品的销售转变为以大宗商品贸易为主。最后，旨在控制土地而不是控制人的法德军事实践越来越多地取代了经典的斯堪的纳维亚袭击之一。综合起来，这些发展导致丹麦在 13 世纪停止掠夺奴隶。