The first three decades of the 20th century marked the beginning of modern collective occupational pensions for salaried business employees in the three Scandinavian countries. Pension premiums were derived from actuarial principles and pension entitlement was financially and legally secured. Relatively few salaried business employees were covered by these new occupational pension schemes until the 1930s. There were similar developments as well as different outcomes in the three countries. In their first three decades, the relative success of such schemes, and the participation of salaried employees in them, seems to have been largest in Denmark and lowest – as well as starting latest – in Norway. The development of occupational pensions in business is compared with Britain and Switzerland as well as with occupational pensions for public employees in the Scandinavian countries; the latter clearly functioning as a model. The new principles for occupational pensions in business, established during and after World War I, proved long lasting and increasingly important. In Norway, defined benefit pension schemes that started in business during World War I were not replaced by defined contribution pension schemes until after 2000.

中文翻译：

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加利福尼亚州斯堪的纳维亚商业中现代集体职业养老金的开端。1900-1930 年

20 世纪的前三个十年标志着斯堪的纳维亚三个国家为受薪企业雇员提供现代集体职业养老金的开始。养老金保费源自精算原则，养老金权利在财务和法律上都有保障。直到 1930 年代，这些新的职业养老金计划涵盖的受薪企业雇员相对较少。这三个国家有类似的发展，也有不同的结果。在最初的三个十年中，此类计划的相对成功以及受薪员工参与其中的情况似乎在丹麦是最大的，而在挪威则是最低的——也是最晚开始的。企业职业养老金的发展与英国和瑞士以及斯堪的纳维亚国家公职人员职业养老金相比；后者显然起到了示范作用。第一次世界大战期间和之后建立的商业职业养老金新原则被证明是持久的并且越来越重要。在挪威，第一次世界大战期间开始运营的固定收益养老金计划直到 2000 年之后才被固定缴款养老金计划所取代。